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The Supplementary Participle 
in Herodotus 


by 
EDWARD JOSEPH FILBEY 


A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of 
the Requirements for the Degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy 


University of Wisconsin, 1908 


URBANA, ILLINOIS 
19:7 


ee 
Cie 
inet 


~~ 


The Supplementary Participle 
in Herodotus 


by 
EDWARD JOSEPH FILBEY 


A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of 
the Requirements for the Degree 
of Doctor of Philosophy 


University of Wisconsin, 1908 


URBANA, ILLINOIS 
Ὁ Τὴ 


See te 
ΕΣ Ἢ ἃ 


fA007 
ZS FEY 
(717 


TABLE oF contents MAT 


| PAGE 

ΝΗ ee erie re pe ττ υ ς ς 3 

Maanteri-—iniroduction ὉΠ τ΄ τ, ς ς 5 
Chapter II.—Herodotus’ Use of the Supplementary Parti- 

ΝΠΠὌΠΠΠὺῸ τ τον τονε σιν πο eS 

Chapter III.—Summary-Tables and Conclusion . . .. 55 

Appendix. List of Abbreviations Employed . . .. . 71 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 


I. Epitions or HERODOTUS. 
Text—H. Kallenberg, Leipzic, 1901. 


Annotated edition—Heinrich Stein, Berlin, 1889-’93-’94- 
06-1901-’02. 


Translation—H. F. Cary, London. | 


II.—GRAMMARS. 


W. W. Goodwin: Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the 
Greek Verb, Boston, 1893. 


R. Kithner: Ausfithrliche Grammatik der Griechischen 
Sprache, besorgt von B. Gerth, Hannover und Leip- 
zig, 1904. 


=, 


309129 


7 with fund 


soft Co 


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So oe 2 Κα, γος 
Fane 


CHAPTER I 


INTRODUCTION 


᾿ς In the treatment of the supplementary participle for Attic 
Greek by various grammarians the statements made relative to 


_the use of this construction by Herodotus convey the impression 


that Herodotus uses the supplementary participle with consider- 
ably greater frequency and with more freedom than it is employed 
by Attic writers. The student of Herodotus also is likely to note 
the occasional occurrence of this construction after verbs usually 
followed by the infinitive in Attic Greek. He may observe, 
further, that in the construction of indirect discourse after cer- 
tain verbs Herodotus seems to use either the participle or the 
infinitive, indifferently. The question quite naturally arises, 
therefore, ΤῸ what extent does Herodotus’ use of the supple- 
mentary -participle differ from Attic usage’? If Attic writers felt 
that a verb when followed by an.infinitive had not the same mean- 


ing as when followed by a supplementary participle, did Herodo- 


tus fail to discriminate in his use of the two constructions ?— 
To answer this general question, the investigation was begun, 
the results of which are recorded in the pages following. 

It was first necessary to ascertain with what verbs Herodo- 
tus uses the supplementary participle. All passages were then 
collected in which these verbs are followed by either the supple- 
mentary participle, the infinitive, or a clause introduced by - 
ὅκως, ὅτι, Or ws. From a study of these passages the meaning 
of each verb with the different constructions was determined. 


_For the principles underlying the distinctions of Attic usage the 


statements of Goodwin in his Greek Moods and Tenses, and of 
Ktihner in his Ausfthrliche Griechische Grammatik, were relied 
upon. A comparison of the results obtained from the study of 
the passages in Herodotus, with the principles of Attic usage as 
stated by Goodwin and by Ktthner, has furnished the answer 
here presented to the question proposed. - 


5 


6 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


It will be recalled that the distinction between the three 
classes of participles,—attributive, circumstantial, and supple- 
mentary,—is not so clearly marked that a participle can always © 
be placed definitely in one of ‘three classes. The participles con- 
cerning which a record is presented in the pages following are 
those which, after some deliberation, are thought properly to be 
classed as supplementary. It may easily be that certain of these — 
would better be classed as circumstantial. The inclusion of such 
will not however invalidate in any way the facts presented con- 
cerning the use of those participles which are plainly supplemen- — 
tary. 

A problem that presented much difficulty was the determina- 
tion of the exact meaning of the verb in each passage. Upon the — 
accuracy with which this has been done depends in large measure ~ 
the value of the whole investigation. The interpretation placed — 
upon the various passages is in each case that which, from a study 
of the context, has seemed the most reasonable; but it is not : 
asserted that this is in every instance correct. | 

In the case of each verb included in the discussion the fol- 
lowing data are presented: The number of times the verb is 
followed by each of the three constructions—supplementary par- 
ticiple, infinitive, and finite clause—in Herodotus; a division of 
these constructions. into those of indirect discourse and those not 
in indirect discourse; the list of all passages in which the verb 
occurs with any of the three constructions; the reference to 
Goodwin and to Kthner for the verb or for the general class in — 
which the verb belongs; any facts of importance regarding the 
use of the verb by Herodotus; and, if his use of the word is at 
variance with Attic usage, a full statement of the principles under- 
lying the latter, and of the particulars in which Herodotus’ use 
of the verb differs from that of the Attic writers. It will be 
noted that much of this information is statistical. For this 
reason, figures have regularly been employed instead of words, 
to represent numbers. Also, such abbreviations have been em- 
ployed as ‘are used by Goodwin, Ktthner, Brugmann, and other 
grammarians, in lieu of writing out certain words which recur — 
from five to fifteen times on a single page.—A list of the abbre-_ 
viations employed is appended. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 7 


Footnotes have been almost entirely dispensed with. If the 
information has been considered of sufficient value to warrant its 
inclusion in the discussion it has been inserted in its proper place 
in the text. It is believed that the continuity of thought is less 
interrupted by a parenthesis than by a reference to a distant 
portion of the page. 

The Attic forms of the verbs have been used—except in quo- 
tations—instead of the Ionic forms employed by Herodotus, 
chiefly for the reason that the verbs are then, when catalogued 
alphabetically, in the order in which they occur in Liddell & 
Scott and other lexicons. 

References to the passages are by book, chapter, and. line. 
The lines are numbered as they are found in the text of Kallen- 
berg. It will be found that the numbering holds also, with but 
sight variation, for Stein’s annotated edition. 

The large number of verbs dealt with—one hundred ἩΞΕΣΤᾺ 
one—has restricted the quotation of illustrative passages to a 
greater extent than could be desired. Passages of particular 
importance are however cited in full. 


CHAPTER II 
HeERopotTus’ USE OF THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE 


ἀγγέλλω: Followed by a 5. p. in 2 passages; by an inf. in 1; 
by aé7.clausein 2. All the constructions are in indirect discourse. 

With 5. p., 6.69.23; 7.37.5. With inf., 8.50.3. With ὅτι 
clause, 7.162.5; 9.69.2 ae = T. 904; 912; 914.3. Ktthner, 482.2; 
484.17; 550. 

Gaodsnn suggests no difference in the meaning of ἀγγέλλω with 
the various constructions. Ktthner proposes (484.17) the dis- 


tinction that ἀγγέλλω with a participle means “‘announce as a 


fact’’; with an inf., “‘“announce as rumor.’’—An examination of 
the passages in which the verb occurs in Hdt. shows that ἀγγέλλω. 
means ‘‘announce as a fact”’ in all except 9.69.2. In the last 
named passage, in which ἀγγέλλω is followed by a ὅτι clause, the 
announcement is made as “‘rumor.’’—The distinction suggested 
by K. does not hold true, therefore, for Hdt. Withas. p. ἀγγέλλω 
has the meaning which he suggests; but not so with an inf. Ap- 
parently Hdt. uses the different constructions with ἀγγέλλω with- 
out difference of meaning. 

αἰσθάνομαι: Followed by as. p. in 1 passage. The s. p. is” 
in indirect discourse. 

With 5. p. 7.220.5.—G M T., 884; 904; 914.1. Kuhner, 482.1; 
484.4; 550. 

Goodwin suggests no ἘΥΞΕΣΑΣ in the meaning of the differ- 
ent constructions of ind. disc. after this verb. Kihner says 
(484.4) that. αἰσθάνομαι with the genitive of a ptc. means “per- 
ceive directly with one’s senses’’; w. the accusative of a ptc., — 
“note mentally as a fact’’; and with an inf., “believe or think.” 
—Hadt. uses αἰσθάνομαι in 7.220.5 with the acc. of the 5. p., with 
the meaning “‘note as a fact.’’ This is therefore in accord with 

Kiuhner’s statement. 
αἰσχύνομαι: With infinitive in 1 passage. The inf. is not in 
indirect discourse. 


~ 


. ΤΥ 
Δ hie φίδ 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 9 


With inf., 1.82.40. GM T., 881; 903.1, K., 482.3; 484.21; 
550. : 
Both Goodwin (903.1) and Ktithner state that αἰσχύνομαι with 
as. p. means “6 ashamed of doing (what one does)’’; and with 
an inf., ““be ashamed to do (something not yet done)’’.—The 
statement holds true for the one passage in which Hdt. uses this 
verb: Othryades was ashamed to return to Sparta, and did not 
return. 

ἀκούω: Withas. p., 12 times; with an inf., 12; with a ὅκως or 
ὡς clause 3. 

With s. p. not in ind. disc., 1.66.14; 1.85.9; 1.141.17; 1.158.5; 
1.160.1; 4.77.1; 4.183.17; 5.89.14; 5.93.8; 7.169.10; (total, 10). 
With s. p. in ind. disc., 2.150.18;-7.10.6.12. With inf. in ind. 
dise., 1.20.2; 2.2.30; 2.150.18; 4.76.23; 6.117.11; 7.55.13; 7.128.4; 
8.109.7; 8.136.12; 9.84.3; 9.85.18; 9.115.3. With ὅκως or as 
clause in ind. disc., 3.115.12; 5.89.16; 7.208.3.—G M T., 884; 
886; 904; 914.1. K., 482.1; 484.1; 550. 

G. states (886) that ἀκούω in Attic Greek regularly takes the 
genitive of the ptc. when the latter is not in ind. disc., and the 
accusative of the ptc. of ind. disc. Further (914.1), he suggests 
that little if any difference of meaning exists between the use of 
the inf..and that of the 5. p. of ind. disc. after ἀκούω. K. suggests 
the distinction, that ἀκούω with the gen. of the ptc. is used of a 
direct, and with the acc. of the ptc. of an indirect, but certain 
perception; and that it is used with the inf. to indicate the re- 
ceipt of information transmitted as mere rumor orshearsay. 

In 1.85.9; 1,141.17; 5.93.8, ἀκούω with the gen. of the 5. p. 
not in ind. disc. is used of a direct, certain perception. The rule 
of G. and that of K. both hold good for these three passages, 
therefore. But in 1.66.14; 1.158.5; 1.160.1; 4.77.1; 4.183.17; 


» 5.89.14; 7.169.10, ἀκούω with the acc. of the s. Ὁ. not in ind. 


disc. is used also, of a direct certain perception. Neither the 
statement of G. nor that of K. holds, then, for. these 7 passages. 
‘In 2.150.18 and in 7.10.0.12 ἀκούω with the acc. of the 5. p. in 
ind. disc. expresses the obtaining of information which rests upon 
hearsay. In the former passage the information is secured di- 
rectly; in the latter, indirectly. For both these passages G.’s . 
statement holds, but K.’s distinction is upheld fully in neither. 


_—With the inf. in each of the 12 passages ἀκούω is used of the 


10 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


acquiring of information based upon rumor or tradition. To 


these passages, therefore, the statements of both G. and K. are 
‘ applicable-—With a ὡς or ὅκως clause ἀκούω is used in 3.115.12 
and 5.89.6 of obtaining direct, certain information; in 7.208.3, of | 
obtaining indirect information based on hearsay. 

It is evident that Hdt. uses the various constructions possible — 
with ἀκούω with considerable freedom. This is especially notice- 
able in the case of the s. p.’s not in ind. disc. In 1.66.14, 6. ¢., 
occurs the phrase, ταῦτα ὡς ἀπενειχθέντα ἤκουσαν. The same 
phrase, with little or no variation, is found also in 1.158.5; 1.160.1; 
5.89.14; 7.169.10. Yet in 1.141.17 the phrase assumes the form, 
ὡς ἤκουσαν τούτων ἀνενειχθέντων, with no apparent difference 
of meaning. 

ἁλίσκομαι: With 5. p. 11 times. The ptc. is not in indirect 
discourse. - 

With as. p., 1.112.14; 1.117.8; 1.209.14; 2.93.15: 3.15,17; 
5.65.7; 6.72.6; 7.102.4; 7.195.1; 7.195.6; 9.37.27.—G M T., 883. 
K., 482.1. 

In each instance the participle with ἁλίσκομαι denotes the act 
or, state in which the person was detected. ‘ 

avevptoxw: With s. p., 2 times. The participles are in ind. 
disc. 

With as. p., 2.151.16; 4.44.15.—G M T., 904; cf. 883. K., 
482.1. 

In each passage ἀνευρίσκω with the 5. p. means “find out (that 
_ something is being or has been done).”’ 

avexw: With 5. p., 7 times; with inf., 1. The conse: aes 
are not those of ind. disc. 

Withas. p., 1.80.21; 1.206.5; 2.37.23; 5.19.14; 5.48.2; 6.112.13: 
8.26.13. With an inf., 7.139.31.—G M τ, 879; 903.2. K., 482. ὃ- 
484.23. 

Both 6. and K. state that ἀνέχω with the 5. p. means “en- 
dure (something being done or already done)’’; and with the inf., 
“have courage (to do something not yet done).” (GM T. 903.2; 
K. 484.23.)—This distinction holds quite definitely for Hdt. But 
it should be noted that when ἀνέχω preceded by the negative is 
followed by the s. p. the meaning is but little different from that 
which is regularly expressed by the use of the inf. Cf., e. g., 


1.80.21, κάμηλον ἵππος φοβέεται καὶ οὐκ ἀνέχεται οὔτε THY ἰδέην αὐτῆς 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 11 


ὁρέων οὔτε THY ὀδμὴν ὀσφραινόμενος. According to the general prin- 
ciple, the meaning is that a horse cannot endure to continue look- 
ing upon, and smelling the odor of, acamel. But it may be taken ~ 
also as equivalent to: ‘‘A horse will not bring itself to look upon, 
and to breathe the odor from, a camel.’ That is, it will not 
“venture to do something not yet done’’—an idea usually ex- 
pressed by an inf. So too, in 2.37.23, Hdt. says that certain 
priests will not look at pulse, thinking it unclean. Here also the ~ 
inf. would scarcely have seemed inappropriate. In 8.26.13, altho 
the negative is used, the participle appears to have its usual 
force. In 7.139.31, avéxw with the inf. means definitely “have 
the courage to do.” 

avinue: With 5. p. 3 times; with inf. 3. The constructions are 
not those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 2.121.8.7; 4.28.14; 4,125.5. With inf., 2.36.5; 
4,175.4; 4.180.10.—G M T. 879; cf. 885; cf. 903.6. K. 482.6; 
cf. 484.29. 3 

Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb specifically as one fol- 
lowed by both the participial and the infinitive construction. 
The meaning is distinctly different with the two constructions. 
With the ptc. avinuw means “‘cease’’; with the inf., ‘“‘allow’’, or 
“cause (to do).” In 4.180.10, πρὶν δὲ ἀνεῖναι αὐτὰς μάχεσθαι, Cary 
translates ἀνεῖναι as “‘cease,’’ in spite of the inf. following. But 
it should here as elsewhere with the inf. be translated ‘‘cause,”’ 
αὐτὰς being the object and not the subject of ἀνεῖναι. 

 ἀντέχω: With 5. p. 4 times. The pte. is not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 2.157.5; 5.115.8; 7.108.11; 7.181.5—G M T. 879. 
K. 482.6.. | 

᾿Αντέχω is used in the 4 passages in the general sense of ‘‘hold 
out.” In the first two, in which the 5. p. is passive, the meaning 
of avréxw is ‘‘survive”’ or “endure.” In 7.108.11 and 7.181.5, in 
which the 5. p. is active, ἀντέχω means more nearly “continue.” 

ἀντιχράω: With 5. p., 1. The 5. p. is not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 7.127.11—G M T. 879. K. 482.4 and 5. 

The meaning is “hold out,” or “prove sufficient.’”” The par- 
ticiple could be considered as circumstantial instead of supple- 
mentary. 

ἀπαγγέλλω: With 5. p., 1; with inf. 1; with ὅτι or ὡς clause, 2. 
All the constructions are those of ind. disc. 


12 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


With 5. p., 2.121.€.2. With inf., 1.210.10. With ὅτι or ὧς. 
clause, 1.127.5; 3.644—G MT. 904; 912: 9143. Κ. 482.2: 
484.17: 550. 

G. makes no distinction between the use of the inf. and that 
of the 5. p. after this verb: K. states that ἀγγέλλω with the 5. p. 
means “announce as a fact’’; and with the inf., ‘‘announce as 
rumor.’’—An examination of the four passages in Hdt. in which 
ἀπαγγέλλω occurs reveals no apparent difference of meaning. In 
each instance the idea seems to be, “‘announce as a fact.”’ 

ἀπανίστημι: With 5. p., 1. The pte. is not in ind. disc, 

With 5. p., 9.87.4.—G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 

In 9.87.4 Hdt. uses ἀπανίστημι in the sense of “cease,” 
[ = παύομαι. , 7 

ἀποδείκνυμι: With 5. p., 12; with inf., 6; with ὡς clause, 2. ~ 


The ptcs. are in ind. disc., as also are the ὡς clauses and one of 


the infinitives. Five infinitives are after ἀποδείκνυμι meaning 
“appoint.” 

With 5. p., 2.15.10; 2.16.4; 2.133.22; 2.142.2; 2,143.9; 2,143.17; 
2.144.2; 3.130.11; 5.94.13; 7.8.7.6; 7.17.2; 7.118.7; (total 12.) 
With inf. in ind. disc., 2.144.2. With inf. not inind. disc., 5.25.4; 
5.29.10; 5.97.18; 5.99.11; 7.154.9. With ὡς clause, 5.22.4: 
5.22.10.—G M T. 904; 912; 915. K. 482.2: 4.84.15; 550. 

G. says (915.4) that δείκνυμι and other verbs signifying “‘to 
show,” besides the 5. p. of ind. disc., may take an object inf. in 
the sense of “to show how.’’ K. says (484.15) that δείκνυμι, 
ἀποφαίνω, δηλόω, followed by a 5. p. mean ‘‘demonstrate a fact”’; 
with an inf., “express an opinion, say, indicate, advise.’’—In 
2.15.10; 2.16.4; 2.133.22, however, Hdt. uses ἀποδείκνυμι with a 5. 
p. to indicate the proving of what should rather be regarded as a — 
hypothesis than as a fact. For example, 2.15.10, ἀποδεικνύοιμεν ἂν 
τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ χρεώμενοι Αἰγυπτίοισι οὐκ ἐοῦσαν πρότερον xXwpPHY: 
‘If we accepted this account we should prove that formerly the 
Egyptians had no land,’’—a hypothesis which Hdt. does not him- 
self accept, as he proceeds to show.—Again, in 5.94.13, Hdt. uses 
the 5. p. with ἀποδείκνυμι when the meaning is “‘say.”’ With {πὸ 
exception of the 4 passages cited, the statement of K. holds for 
the 5. p.’s after ἀποδείκνυμι in Hdt. The one inf. of ind. disc., 
however, that Hdt. uses, is employed in the expression of a fact. 
But the inf. can hardly be considered as dependent directly upon 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS: 13 


ἀποδείκνυμι. There is a series of related sentences, in the first 
part of which ἀποδείκνυμι 15: followed by as. p. As the thought 
proceeds, the construction lapses into the infinitive, (2.144.1 to . 
9.)—Neither G. nor K. suggests the meaning “appoint’’ for 
ἀποδείκνυμι With an inf. (It is probable that other instances of 
this use occur in Hdt., in addition to the 5 passages cited; for the 
meaning is sufficiently different from that of ἀποδείκνυμι with the 
-s. Ὁ. to have made the overlooking of examples of this construc- 
_ tion possible.) 

ἀποκρίνω: With 5. p. in 1 passage. The 5. p. is fn ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.60.13.—G M T. 904. - K. 482.1 and 2. 

The verb is used in the passive with the meaning ‘“‘be dis- 
tinguished (as being).’’ Although this verb is not in the list of 
either G. or K., the close connection between the idea expressed 
by the verb and that expressed by the participle seems to war- 
rant the classification of the ptc. as supplementary. 

ἀποκρούω: With s. P. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. 
disc. 

With 5. p., 8.61.11.—G M T. 880. K. 482.5. 

The verb is used in the sense of ‘“‘withstand’’, or ‘‘repel’’. 
After this verb, as after μένω (Il. 13.38), the ptc. can properly be 
classed as supplementary. 8.61.11, (Θεμιστοκλέης... .édeve. . .) 
—ovdauyols Yap Ἑλλήνων αὐτοὺς ἐπιόντας ἀποκρούσεσθαι: ‘None of 
the Greeks would be able to repel the attack of the Athenians.”’ 

The verb is not mentioned by G. or K. as followed by a s. p. 

ἀπολείπω: With 5. p., 2 times. With inf., 1. The construc- 
tions are not those of ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 2.22.16; 5.92.4.4. With inf., 7.9.0.8.—G M T. 
879. K. 482.6. | 

With the s. Pp. ἀπολείπω means “‘cease’’ in 2.22.16, and “‘fail 
to” in 5.92.y.4. With the inf. the meaning is ‘“‘fall short οἵ." 
In 5.92.η.4 the ptc. might be taken as circumstantial, but should 
rather be considered as supplementary: ὅσα yap Κύψελος ἀπέλιπε 
“κτείνων τε καὶ διώκων, Περίανδρός σφεα ἀπετέλεε: ‘What Cyp- 
5615 failed to kill and banish—i. e., what remained when Cyp- 
selus stopped killing and banishing,—Periandrus killed and ban- 
ished.”’ 

G. does not mention ἀπολείπω as being followed by a 5. p.— 
Κ. gives the verb as meaning ‘“‘cease,” when followed by the 


14 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


s. p. But he does not mention the use of the inf. construction: . . 
with this verb. ἊΣ 
ἀποφαίνω: With 5. p., 5 times. With ὡς clause, 1. The con- 
structions are those of ind. disc. : 
With 5. p.,- 1.82.29; 1.129.10; 2.28.20; 6.65.19; 7.99.15. With 
ws Clause, 5.84.4——G M T. 904; 911; 912; 915.4. ἜΚ 482.2; 
484.15; 550. 
For statements of G. and K. regarding constructions with 
this verb see under drodeixvyms.—With the 5. p. ἀποφαίνω means 
“say’’ or “‘declare”’ in 3 passages, 1.82.29; 6.65.19; 7.99.15. Ac- 
cording to K. (484.15), when ἀποφαίνω has this meaning the inf. 
is the usual construction. In 1.129.10 and 2.28.20, ἀποφαίνω with 
the 5. p. means “demonstrate a ἴδοι." This is in accord with 
K.’s distinction. In 5.84.4 ἀποφαίνω is used with a ws clause fol- 
lowing. The meaning is ‘“‘declare.’’ In 1.91.21, οὐ συλλαβὼν δὲ 
τὸ ῥηθὲν οὐδ᾽ ἐπανειρόμενος ἑωυτὸν αἴτιον ἀποφαινέτω: ‘Since he did 
not even make a second inquiry when he did not understand — 
the oracle, let him consider himself responsible,’—either a 5. p. 
ἐόντα or an inf. εἶναι is to be understood with ἀποφαινέτω. Since 
it is the expression (or the holding) of an opinion that is indi- 
cated, the inf. would according to K. be the construction to be 
expected. But from Hdt.’s use of ἀποφαίνω elsewhere, and from 
the frequency with which the 5. p. ὧν is omitted (G. 911; K. 
483), it is probable that Hdt. would here have written ἐόντα. 
No instance of the inf. after ἀποφαίνω is found in Hdt. 
ἀποχράω: With 5. p. 3 times. With inf. 7. The construc- 
tions are not those of ind. disc. | | 
With s. p., 7.43.4; 7.148.25; 7.196.10. With inf., in personal 
construction, 3.138.10; 5.31.15. With inf., in impersonal con- 
struction, 1.66.5; 1.102.4; 8.14.4; 8.130.16; 9.79.9; (total, 5).— 
G M T. 879; 899; cf. 901; cf. 903.7. K. 482.4; 482.5; cf. 484.22. 
Neither G. nor K. makes specific mention of this verb as ever 
used with the s. p. Its use, however, is closely akin to that of 
ἀρκέω with the 5. p., (G. 899; K. 482.4). In 7.43.4 and 7.196.10, 
_. ἀπέχρησε. . .πινόμενος, the meaning is “was sufficient for drink- 
ing.” The ptc. might however be considered as circumstantial 
in these 2 passages. In 7.148.25, ἀλλ᾽ ὅμως σφι ἀποχρᾶν κατὰ TO 
ἥμισυ ἡγεομένοισι: “They would be content with the command 
of half,” the -ptc. is’ clearly supplementary. In 3.138.10 and 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 15 


5.31.15, ἀποχράω with the inf. means “be sufficient (for doing 
something).’’ In the 5 passages in which the verb is used im- 
personally the meaning is “‘(to do something) is sufficient.” It 
will be noticed that this distinction of meaning holds also for 
the use of ἀποχράω with as. p.; the verb being used impersonally 
in 7.148.25, and in the personal construction in 7.43.4 and 
7.196.10.—The conclusion follows therefore that Hdt. uses 
amoxpaw with the 5. p. and with the inf. without difference of 
meaning; but that the usual difference between the personal and the 
impersonal construction of a verb is retained; so that when ἀποχράω 
is used impersonally with either the s. p. or the inf., the meaning of 
_ the sentence is ‘to do something is sufficient’’; whereas in the per- 
- sonal construction the meaning is “‘someone (or something) is 
sufficient for doing something.’”’ K. makes a somewhat similar 
distinction in the case of ἀρκέω (484.2), but implies that the dif- 
ference of meaning is due in part to the use of as. p., or of an 
inf. | 
In 9.48.23 an inf. is probably to be understood (μάχεσθαι), 
with ἀποχρᾶν. The verb is used in the personal construction. 

apxw: With s-p., 7 times. With inf. 8. The constructions . 
are not those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 2.22.20; 3.49.10; 3.108.17; 4.51.3; 4.119.18; 5.51.10; 
6.75.13; (total 7). With inf., 1.43; 1.95.9: 2.51.5. 12.03.2). 
2.93.23; 5.28.2; 5.30.2; 8.51.2—G M T., 879; 003.4, K. 482.6; 
484.27. 

G. states (903.4) that ἄρχομαι with the 5. p. means (1) ‘“‘to be 
first in something, (2) to begin with something, or (3) to be at 
the beginning (not at the end); with the inf., to begin to do some- 
thing.’’ K.’s statement (484.27) is the same except that (1) is 
omitted. 

In Hat. ἄρχω with the 5. p. means “‘be first in’’ in 2 passages, 
-3.49.10 and 4.119.18. It means “begin with something” in 
5.51.13 and 6.75.14. It means ‘“‘be at the beginning”’ in 2.22.20 
and 4.51.3. With the inf. ἄρχω means “begin to do” in 5 pas- 
sages, 2.51.8; 2.93.23; 5.28.2; 5.30.2; 8.51.2—The constructions 
so far mentioned are evidently in accord with the statements of 
Ὁ. and K. But in 3.108.17 ἄρχω meaning ‘begin to do”’ is fol- — 
lowed by the 5. p.: ἐπεὰν ὁ σκύμνος ἐν τῇ μητρὶ ἐὼν ἄρχεται διακινεό- 
μένος. And in 3 passages, 1.4.3; 1.95.9; 2.93.23, ἄρχω meaning 


16 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


“be first in doing something”’ is followed by the inf. The gen- 
eral principles suggested by G. and K. do not apply therefore i in 
the case of these 4 passages. 

From an examination of all the passages in which Hdt. uses © 
this verb it appears that when ἄρχω is followed by ἃ 5. p., the 
verb ἄρχω is emphatic; and when it is Followess by an inf., the ~ 
infinitive has the emphasis. : 

ἀσχάλλω: With 5. p. in 2 passages. The participles are not 
in ind. disc. ; 

With s. p., 3.152.2; 9.117.2.—G M T., 881; (cf> 823; 838; 882). 
K. 482.3. oF 

In each passage ἀσχάλλω means “be vexed,” the pte. denoting 
the cause of the vexation. As G. states (882), the ptes. wie 
this verb -could be considered as circumstantial. 

ἀφικνέομαι: With 5. p., 2 times. The pte. is not in ind-dise. 

With 5. p., 6.30.7; 9.55.6. [With circumstantial ptc., 4.91.6; 
5.30.4; 8.117.3; 8.118.2; 8.140.2; 9.27.11; 9.52.9; 9.107.24; (total, 
8)|—G M T. 895. K. 482.10. 

G. does not include this verb (in 895) along with οἴχομαι, ἥκω, 
and others of similar meaning. K. mentions the use of a s. p. 
with ἀφικνέομαι as poetical (482.10). But in 6.30.7 and 9.55.6 the 
ptc. seems definitely to ‘‘contain the leading idea of the expres- 
sion,’ (G. 895) and properly to be classed as supplementary, 
therefore.—Of the 8 circumstantial ptcs. above referred to, those 
in 4.91.6; 9.27.11; and 9.52.9 nearly approach supplementary 
participles in sense. E 

ἀφοράω: Withs. p.in1 passage. The pte. is not in ind. pa 

With 5. Diy FOO tee es 55. Κ. 482.1. 

The verb means simply ‘‘see’’ in the passage mentioned. 

ἄχθομαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage. The ptc. is not in ind. 
disc. 

With 5. p., 9.98.2—G M T. 881; 882. K. 482.3. 

In 9.98.2, ἤχθοντο ws ἐκπεφευγότων, ‘They were vexed at the 
escape (of the barbarians), the ptc. is classed by K. (482.3) as 
sup. But, as he suggests, the ptc. may be considered as in the 
gen. abs. construction. 

γιγνώσκω: With 5. p., ὃ times. With inf. 8. With ὅτι or as 
clause, 9. All constructions are those of ind. disc. except the 
_infinitives in 4 passages. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 17 


With s. p., 1.97.3; 4.25.8; 4.45.3; 4.53.16; 4.111.7; 7.15.7; 
8.4.6; 9.33.25; (total 8). With inf., 1.74.19; 1.78.11; 1.157.13; 
4.110.9; 5.22.5; 6.85.4; 7.143.14; 9.71.13; (total 8). With ὅτι or 
ws clause, 1.207.9; 4.136.1; 5.24.17; 6.69.28; 7.3.16; 7.194.12: 
8.3.6; 9.47.7; 9.89.6; (total 9). [With ind. quest., 2.121.8.12; 
4.45.1: 4.45, 18: 4,127.12; (total 4).|—G M T. 904, 912: 915.3. 
Κ. 482.1: 484.5: 550. 

G. states (015.3) that γιγνώσκω with the inf. means (1) “‘ decide 
or judge,” the inf. being in ind. discourse; or (2) ‘‘determine or 
resolve,’ (with the object inf.); or (3) “learn ἰο, (with the 
object inf.). K. states (484.5) that γιγνώσκω means ‘‘perceive”’ 
r “know,” with the s. p.; and ‘‘judge or determine,” with the 
inf. 

With the 5. p., γιγνώσκω in 7.15.7 means “perceive,” in the 


‘sense of “conclude.” In 4 passages, 1.97.3; 4111.7: 8.46: 


9.33.25, it means “‘perceive’’ by an action of the senses. In 3 
passages, 4.25.8; 4.45.3; 4.53.16, the meaning is “learn” or- 
“know,” the knowledge having been imparted by some person 
or obtained from an unspecified source.—With. the inf., γιγνώσκω 
in 1.74.19 and 1.157.13 means ‘“‘determine”’’ (to do something, or 
that something be done), the infinitive being here the ‘object 
infinitive.’’ In 5 passages, 1.78.11; 5.22.5; 6.85.4; 7.143.14: 
9.71.13, γιγνώσκω with the inf. of ind. disc. means ‘“‘decide’’ 
(that something is true), in the sense of making a formal or public 
decision as opposed to “coming to a conclusion”? only. These 
5 infs. are in ind. disc. In 4.110.9 γιγνώσκω with the inf. means 
“know how. to.’”’—It is evident that the principles stated by G. 
and by K. hold for all the passages in which Hdt. uses γιγνώσκω 
with as. p..or an inf. 

With a ὅτι or ws clause γιγνώσκω means “‘perceive’’ (with the 
senses) in one passage, 4.136.1; ‘‘perceive,’”’ (mentally) in six, 
6.69.28; 7.3.16; 7.194.12; 8.3.6; 9.47.7; 9.89.6; and ‘“know”’ or 
“learn”? in two, 1.207.9 and 5.24.17. Hdt. therefore expresses 
by means of a ὅτι or ὡς clause those ideas which he expresses 
with the s. p., but not those which he expresses by the use of 
the inf. Whether 8 5. p. or a clause should follow γιγνώσκω seems 
to have been only a matter of choice. It may be noted however 
that the present ptc.is used after γιγνώσκω in 7 of the 8 passages 


- in which the 5. p. is employed.. Whereas a present tense of the 


18 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


optative or the indicative is found in only 3 of the 9 passages in 
which these moods follow γιγνώσκω. It may also be noted that a 
pte. of γιγνώσκω is followed bya 5. p. in only 3 of the ὃ passages 
in which the s. p. occurs. But in 7 of the 9 passages in which 
ὅτι Or ws with a finite mood occurs it is a pte. οἵ. γιγνώσκω that 
is followed by this ‘construction. A desire to obtain variety and 
to prevent possible ambiguity may therefore have determined to — 
some extent the choice of the author. 

γράφω: With 5. p.in 1 passage. The pte. is not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 4.36.7—G M T. 883. K. 482.2. 

Neither G. nor K. includes this verb specifically in the list of 
those verbs followed by as. p. But Hdt. uses γράφω in the sense 


of ‘“‘represent’’ in the passage cited, with a ptc. that may as 


properly be classed as sup. as the pte. ἐλθόντα after ἐποίησεν in 
Plat. Symp. 174.C, quoted by both G. and K.—Hdt. 4.36.7, ot 
Ὥκεανόν τε ῥέοντα ypadovor πέριξ τὴν γῆν: ‘‘Who represent the 
ocean as flowing about the land.”’ | 

δέχομαι: With 5. p. in 2 passages. The ptcs. are not in ind. 
disc. 

With 5. p., 8.28.7; 9.25.2—G M T. 880. K. 482.5. 

The verb is not mentioned by G. or K. as one followed by a 
s. Ὁ. But in both passages cited Hdt. uses δέχομαι in the sense 
of ‘‘await (the attack of)’’; while the ptc. “completes the idea 
expressed by the verb, by stating that to which its action re- 
lates,’ (ἃ M T. 877). The ptc. may therefore properly be 
classed as sup., like the ptc. τῇ Iliad 13.38, "Οφρὰ μένοιεν νοστήσοντα 
avaxra.—Hdt. 9.25.2, of δὲ Ἕλληνες ws τὴν ἵππον ἐδέξαντο 
προσβάλλουσαν, “When the Greeks had withstood the attack of 
the cavalry.” Similarly in 8.28.7, ἐδέκοντο τοὺς Θεσσαλοὺς ἐσβάλ- 
'λοντας. 

δῆλός (εἰμι etc.): With 5. p. in 1 passage. With ὅτι or ὡς 
clause in 8. The constructions are those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., δῆλον. .ποιέω, 6.21.8. With ὅτι or ὡς clause: 
δῆλοί εἰσι, 2.61.8; δῆλα γίγνεται, 2.146.13; δῆλόν (ἐστι), 7.137.14; 
δῆλά ἐστι, 1.4.9; 1.207.17; 3.38.2; 3.83.5: δῆλα ποιέω, 2.102.19.— 
G MT. 907; 912. K. 482.2: 550, 

There is no apparent Stepanek of meaning dependent upon 
the difference in the constructions in 2.102.19, δῆλα βουλόμενος 
ποιεῖν ws εἴησαν ἀνάλκιδες, and 6.21.8, ᾿Αθηναῖοι μὲν γὰρ δῆλον 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 19 


ἐποίησαν ὑπεραχθεσθέντες τῇ Μιλήτου ἁλώσι τῇ TE GAAn..., the sense 
in each case being “‘make clear that.” 

δηλόω: With 5. p. 4 times. With ὅτι or ὡς clause, 10. The 
constructions are those of ind. disc. 

With s. p. 2.4.15; 2.5.11; 2.4419; 4.42.5. With ὅτι or ὡς 
clause, 1.57.17; 2.9.8; 2.116.5; 2.116.24; 2.117.2; 2.149.9; 3.82.23: 
4,118.21; 5.78.1; 5.78.6; (total 10) —G M T. 904; 912: 915.5. K. 
482.2; 484.15; 550. 

K. states (484.15,) while distinguishing between the use of 
δηλόω with a 5. p. and with the inf., that δηλόω with the s. p. 
_means “to demonstrate as a fact’’; and with the inf., ‘to express 
as an opinion, to say, or to indicate.’—Hdt. does not use an inf. 
with δηλόωβ. But K.’s statement holds for each of the 4 pas- 
sages in which a 5. p. follows this verb, a fact being stated in 
each instance. Of the 10 passages in which a ὅτι or ὡς clause 
occurs with δηλόω, a statement of a fact is found in all except 
3. In 2.117.2; 3.82.23; 5.78.1, the clause may be regarded as 
containing the expression of an opinion.—As in the case of other 
verbs, therefore, a ὅτι or ὡς clause after δηλόω may express the 
same idea as either the s. p. or the inf. of ind. disc. 

διάγω: With 5. p. im one passage. The 5. p. is not in ind. 
disc. | : 

With 5. p. 1.94.12—G M T. 879. K. 482.15. 

K. (482.15.c) mentions this verb as sometimes followed by a 
s. Ὁ. In 1.94.12 the ptc. could be taken as circumstantial, with 
either βίον or σιτοδηΐην understood as the object of διάγειν. But 
it is better taken as sup., διάγειν then having the meaning “‘con- 
tinue.’’—1.94.12, καὶ τοὺς Λυδοὺς τέως μὲν διάγειν λιπαρέοντας...., 
“continued to hold out.” | 

᾿ διαδείκνυμι: With 5. p. 2 times. With ὡς clause 2. The 
constructions are those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 3.72.27; 8.118.15. With ὡς clause, 1.31.17: 

9.58.10.—G M T. 904; 912; 915.4. K. 482.4; 484.15; 550. 
- In both passages in which a 5. p. is used, a fact is demon- 
strated. This is in accord with K.’s statement, (484.15; see 
under ἀποδείκνυμι). In those passages in which a clause follows 
διαδείκνυμι the clause likewise contains what may be considered 
as the expression of a fact. In all instances the meaning of the 
verb is ‘“‘show.’’—In 3.82.15 an ind. quest. follows διαδείκνυμι. 


20 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


διατελέω: With 5. p. 15 times; not in ind. disc. 

‘With s. p., 1.32.47; 1.196. 30: 2.19. 12} 3.2242" ae 113. 12: : 
3.83.14; 4.28.9: 4.162.2; 5.86.16; 6.42.10: 6.117.9: 7111.3: 7,153.9: 
7.26.28; 9.73.14; (total 15)—G M T. 879. K. 482.15. 


The meaning of διατελέω is ‘continue’ in each of the pas- 


sages. In 11, the 5. p. is the present pte. of εἰμί; and i in the re-— 3 ξ 


maining 4, the present ptc. of ἔχω. 

διέξειμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.116.21.—G M T. 879; cf. 845. K. 482.15. 

This verb is not mentioned by either G. or K. as followed by 
as. p. But in 1.116.21; ἀρχόμενος δὲ ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς διεξήιε τῇ ἀληθείῃ 
χρεώμενος..., if χρεώμενος be taken closely with διεξήιε in the 
sense “6 held consistently to the truth,” the ptc. is to be re- 


garded as sup. This is evidently the meaning of the passage. - = 
If however τὸν λόγον be understood as object of διεξήιε, the pte. — 


must be considered as circumstantial. (But see on διεξέρχομαι, 
following.) . 
διεξέρχομαι: With 5: p. 5 times, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.196.16; 4.172.13; 5.92.y.18; 7.18.5; 8.98.11; (total 
5). (With 5. p. understood, 3. 11. 10.). GM T., 879; cf. 843 and 
845. K. 482.6; 482.15. 

Neither G. nor K. mentions the use of a s. p. with Pee 


Apparently, however, the ptcs. as used by Hdt. with this verb — 2 


are to be classed as sup. With a ptc. following, ahem means 
either (1) “go through with (some action), 1. e., “finish (doing 


something)”; or (2) “do (something a seis Ἢ times) in suc- 


cession.’’ The first meaning occurs in 1.196. 16; 3.11.10; and 
7.18.5. Thus, 6. g., 1.196.16, ὡς yap δὴ. διεξέλθοι ὁ κῆρυξ πωλέων 
τὰς εὐειδεστάτας..., ‘when the herald has finished selling.... 
In 3.11.10 a pte. σφάζοντες is to be understood with διεξελθόντες, ὦ 
(so Stein, loc. cit.) and the meaning is, “having finished slaying.” 
The second meaning is found in 4.172.13; 5.92.y.18; and 8.98.11. 
Thus, in 8.98.11, τὸ δὲ ἐνθεῦτεν ἤδη κατ᾽ ἄλλον διεξέρχεται παραδιδόμενα, 
the sense is, ““The message is given successively from each — 


+4 ὡς 


courier to the next.’’—In each of the 6 passages cited, the pte. 


distinctly ‘‘completes the idea expressed by the verb” (G M T. 
877), rather than ‘defines the circumstances under which the 


action takes place”’ (G M T. 832), and may properly therefore be 3 es 


classed as supplementary. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS hae ΣΕ 


εἶμι: With 5. p. in 4 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1,122.11; 4.82.8; 5.62.4; 9.34.9—G M T. 895. 
K. 482.10. 

‘The imperfect of εἶμι is followed by the present ptc. in 1.122.11, 
_and in the other passages by the future ptc. In each instance 
the ptc. contains the leading idea of the expression. 

exuavOavw: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With ὅτι or ὡς clause 
in ὃ. The constructions are those of ind. disc. ; 

With 5. p., 5.91.2. With ὅτι or ὡς clause, 3.119.6; 3.1348; 
9.7.8.3.—G M T. 904; 912. K. 482.1; 484.9; 550. 

In each passage the meaning of ἐκμανθάνω is ‘‘to learn (a 
- fact).’’ There appears to be no difference of meaning correspond- 
ing to the difference between the two constructions. In 9.7.8.3 
the ὅτι clause is explanatory of φρόνημα, and could not have been 
replaced by a ptc.: ἐπείτε ἐξεμάθητε τὸ ἡμέτερον φρόνημα σαφέως, 
ὅτι οὐδαμὰ προδώσομεν τὴν Ἑλλάδα,.... 

ἐκφαίνω: ὙΥΊ ἃ 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 3.71.11.—G M T. 904. Κ. 482.2. 

In the passage cited, ἐκφαίνω has the usual meaning “‘show 
forth,” and is followed by the reflexive. 

ἐλινύω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, possibly 2; not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 8.71.15.—G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 

- Hdt. uses ἐλινύω in 8.71.15 in the sense of παύομαι: καὶ ἐλίνυον 
οὐδένα χρόνον οἱ βοηθήσαντες ἐργαζόμενοι, “Did not cease from 
the work.” 

In Hdt. 1.67.27, eXwiw occurs in conjunction with the ptc. 
διαπεμπομένους, but the ptc. is there probably to be taken as circum- 
stantial rather than as sup., although K. (482.6) evidently con- 
siders it as sup. 

évopaw: With s. p. in 4 passages, in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.123.4; 1.170.10; 5.36.12; 8.140.8.5—G M T. 
904. K. 482.1. 

In each of the 4 passages the s. p. is the future of the verb 
εἰμί. In these passages ἐνοράω seems to be equivalent to the 
simple verb épaw in meaning. The acc. of the 5. p. follows ἐνοράω 
in the first three instances; but in 8.140.6.5 the effect of the 
preposition in composition with the verb is seen in the use of the 
dative of the 5. p.: 8.140.6.5, ἐνορέω yap ὑμῖν οὐκ οἵοισί τε ἐσομένοισι 
τὸν πάντα χρόνον πολεμέειν Ξέρξῃ. 


22 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


ἐντυγχάνω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 4.140.15—G M T. 883. K. 482.1. 

Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as followed by a s. p. 
But in the passage referred to the pte. is clearly sup.: 4.140.15, 
λελυμένης τῆς γεφύρης ἐντυχόντες, “Finding the bridge broken 
away.” | 

ἐξαγγέλλω: With inf. in 1 passage. With ὅτι clause in 1. 
The constructions are those of ind. disc. 

With inf., 5.105.2. With ὅτι clause, 5.33.13.—G Μ T. 904; 
912: 914.3. K. 482.2: 484.17; 550. 

In 5.105.2, Δαρείῳ ὡς ἐξαγγέλθη Σάρδις ἁλούσας ἐμπεπρῆσθαι, 
‘When it was announced to Darius that Sardis had been taken 
and burned,”’ the announcement seems to have come as a rumor. 


The principle stated by K. (see under ἀγγέλλω) applies therefore — 


to this use of the inf. The announcement: recorded in 5.33.13 
was stated directly as a fact.—(In 5.92.6.15, ταῦτα χρησθέντα.. 
ἐξαγγέλλεται, ‘‘ This response, after having been given to Ection, 
was reported to...,’’ the ptc. is to be taken as circumstantial.) 

ἐξεπίσταμαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf.in 1. With 
ὡς clause in 3. With the exception of the inf. the constructions 
are those of ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.190.8. With inf., 7.211.10. With-as clause, 
3.146.8; 6.86.a.24; 7.39.7.—G M T. 904; 912; 915.2.a. K. 482.1; 
484.7; 550. 

With the 5. p. in 1.190.8 and with the ὡς clauses ἐξεπίσταμαι 


means ‘‘know”’ (a fact). With the inf. in 7.211.10 the verb 


means ‘“‘know how to.’ These constructions are in accord with 


the statements of both G. and K. (loc. cit.).—In 7.135.17 ἐξεπί- 


σταμαι takes an articular inf. as its object: τὸ μὲν yap δοῦλος εἶναι 
ἐξεπίστεαι, ‘You know what it is to be a slave.’’ The force of 


this construction is evidently very different from that with {πὸ 


simple infinitive. 

ἐπαγγέλλω: With 5. p. 3 times, in ind. disc. | 

With s. p., 2.121.¢.4; 6.139.9; 7.27.4.—G M T. 904; 912; 
914.3. K. 482.2; 484.17; 550. 

In each of the 3 passages a message is announced as a fact. 
This usage of the ptc. is in accord with K.’s statement, (484.17; 
see on ἀγγέλλω). 

ἐπάϊστος γίγνομαι: With-s. p. in 3 passages, in ind. disc. 


‘oO 


“SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 23 


With s. p., 2.119.10; 6.74.1; 8.128.9—G M T. 907. K. 482.2. 

In each passage the phrase means “become known.” In 3 
other passages a s. p. may be understood: 3.15.17; 7.146.5; 
8.128.21. The phrase, with a s. p. following, is probably peculiar 
to Hat. . 

ἐπαισχύνομαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.90.21—G M T. 881; 903.1. K. 482.3: 484.21. 

In 1.90.21, ἐπαισχύνεται with the s. p. means ‘‘be ashamed of 
(having incited),’”’ i. e., feel shame at something actually done. 
This usage is therefore in accord with the statements of both G. 
and K., (G M T. 903.1; K. 484.21; see on αἰσχύνομαι). 

ἐπείγω: With 5. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. The con- 
structions are not those of ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 8.68.8.3; 9.89.13. With inf., 8.68.y.1—G M T. 
896; cf. 895. K. 482.8; 484.30. 

G. attempts no distinction of meaning between the use of 
ἐπείγω with the 5. p. and with the inf. Κ΄ states (484.30) that 
ἐπείγομαι with the 5. p. means “‘hasten in the execution of an 
act’’; and with the inf., “hasten to do something.’’ But in both 
Hdt. 8.68.8.3, ἢν μὲν μὴ ἐπειχθῇς ναυμαχίην ποιεύμενος, and 
ὃ. 68.γ.1, ἢν δὲ αὐτίκα ἐπειχθῇς ναυμαχῆσαι, the idea is, “Shall a 
naval battle be fought at 411. In the former-passage, therefore, 
ἐπείγω with the ptc. means ‘‘hasten to do,” and not ‘‘hasten in 
the doing” as K. would have it. An examination of the whole 
chapter shows that it is not a question of the speed that shall be 
used in making preparations for a naval battle; but that Artemisia 
is advising Xerxes not to engage at all in battle on the sea with 
the Greeks. The meaning of éreiyw is apparently exactly the 
same in the two passages, although followed by a ptc. in the 
former and by an inf. in the latter.—In 9.89.13 the future οἵ ἃ 
s. p. follows this verb, ἐπείγομαι.. ἐλῶν és Θρηίκην. Here ap- 
parently the ‘‘march to Thrace”’ is to be considered as a unit, 
and the meaning is then, “1 am hastening ‘to get to Thrace’.” 
If this interpretation is correct, éreiyw with the ptc. again means 
“hasten to do something’’—contrary to the statement of K. 
The fact that the ptc. is fut. in this passage makes it hardly pos- 
sible to translate “hastening ‘in my march’.’”’ (Stein, in his note 
on the passage, places this construction in the same category as 


- the fut. pte. with εἶμι and similar verbs.) 


24 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


ἐπιδείκνυμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.30.7—G M T. 904; 915.4. K. 482.2; 484.15: 
550. 

In 1.30.7, Hdt. uses ἐπιδείκνυμι with the 5. p. in the sense 
““demonstrate a fact’’: Σόλωνα θεράποντες περίῆγον κατὰ τοὺς 
θησαυροὺς καὶ ἐπεδεὶκνυσαν πάντα ἐόντα μεγάλα τε καὶ ὄλβια, “Showed 
that all was abundant and costly.” K.’s distinction holds there- _ 
fore for the use of this verb by Hdt., (484.15; see on- δηλόω) .--- ~ 
The ptc. in the passage cited could be considered as circ., but it 
is better taken as sup. (So L. ἃ S.) 

ἐπίληπτός εἰμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. ΕΗ 

With:s. p., 3.69.15.—G 'M T., 883. Κ, 482.1. 

The phrase is used in the sense of “‘ be detected (in an action)”’: 


3.69.15, εἰ... .ἐπίλαμπτος ἀφάσσουσα ἔσται, “If she shall be caught 


? 


touching. 

ἐπίσταμαι: With 5. p. 10 times. With inf., 23. With ὅτι or 
ws clause, 22. All the constructions except 8 of the infinitives 
are in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.32.6; 1.91.12; 1.110.2; 3.67.1; 5.36.13; 5.42.4; 
7.9.0.2; 8.136.14; 8.144.18; 9.108.6; (total 10). With inf., in ind. 
disc., 1.122.4; 3.66.10; 3.108.3; 3.134.10; 3.139.19; 5.73.5; 5.74.1; 
6.139.17; 7.172.13; 8.5.15; 8.25.5; 8.88.8; 8.132.15; 9.27.3; 9.94.10: 
(total 15). With inf., not in ind. disc., 2.16.4; 3.113.7; 6.44.18; 
7.135.9; 7,211.10; 8.89.5; 8.89.8; 8.129.8; (total 8). With ὅτι or 
ὡς cClause,1.3.4; 1.96.10; 1.122.8; 2.152.8; 2.173.11; 3.1.15; 3.40.7; 
3.71.5; 5.92.6.7; 6.13.9; 7.11.11; 7.18.8; 7.104.2; 7.150.17; 7.161.8: 
7.218.15; 8.10.11; 8.97.11; 8.141.9; 8.142.24; 8.143.3; 9.7.0.9; 
(total 22). —G M T. 904; 912: 915.2 (a) and (b); 916. K. 482. 1: 
484.7; 550. 

G. says (915.2) that ἐπίσταμαι takes the inf. in the sense of 
“know how (to do something)”; and that it sometimes takes {πὸ 
inf. of ind. disc. in the sense of “know or believe.”’ as it takes the 
s. p. K. states that ἐπίσταμαι with the s. p. means “know (a 
fact)’’; and with the inf., ‘‘understand how to (do something)”’; 
also, that with the inf. it may mean “believe firmly, have a con- 
~ viction,”’ (484.7). 

In Hdt., ἐπίσταμαι is followed by the 5. p., in the sense of — 
“know,” in 5 passages, 1.32.6; 1,191.12; 1.110.2; 5.36.13; 7.9.0.2. 
With the meaning ‘‘ know how” it takes the inf. not in ind. disc. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 25 


in ὃ, (see supra, paragraph 2). With the meaning “firmly be- 
lieve’’ it takes the inf. in 4 passages, 3.134.10; 5.73.5; 7.172.13; 
9.94.10. Thus far all the constructions are in accord with the 
statements of both G.and K. But ἐπίσταμαι meaning “firmly 
believe” is followed 4 times by the ptc., in 5.42.4; 8.136.14; 
8.144.18; 9.108.6. With the meaning ‘believe,’ simply, it is fol- 
lowed by the s. p. in 1 passage, 3.67.1; and by the inf. in 9 pas- 
sages, 1.122.4; 3.66.10; 3.139.19; 5.74.1; 6.139:17; 8.5.15; 8.25.5; 
8.88.8; 8.132.15. With the meaning “‘know”’ it is followed in 2 
instances by the inf., in 3.108.3; 9.27.3.,—In the constructions 
contained in the last 16 passages mentioned, there is therefore a 
greater or less variation from the principles of usage stated by 
K. The statements of G. are sufficiently general to hold for all 
the passages in which the verb is used by Hdt. 

With a ὅτι or ws clause ἐπίσταμαι means “know” in 9 passages, 
1.96.10; 2.152.8; 3.1.15; 3.40.7; 3.71.5; 7.18.8; 8.141.9; 8.142.24- 
8.143.3. It means “believe,” simply, in 6, 1.3.4; 1,122.8; 5.92.6.7; 
7.218.15; 8.10.11; 8.97.11. It has the meaning “firmly believe”’ 
in 7, 2.173.11; 6.13.9; 7.11.11; 7.104.2; 7.150.17; 7.161.8; 9.7.0.9. 
—It is apparent that a finite clause may follow ἐπίσταμαι with the 
same meanings as those expressed by the use of the inf. or the 
participial construction. : 

ἐπιτρεπτέον ἐστί: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 9.58.21.—G M T. 879. K. 482.5; 484.25. 

Hdt. uses this phrase with a 5. p. in the sense of ‘‘permit”’: 
9.58.21, viv δὲ ἐκείνοισι ταῦτα ποιεῦσι οὐκ ἐπιτρεπτέα ἐστί, “They 
must not be permitted to do this.’”’ The verb ἐπιτρέπω, with 
this meaning, usually takes an inf., (K. 484.25) but it is not so - 
used by Hat. 
ἐπιτυγχάνω: With 5. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 8.101.19; 8.103.2—G M T. 887; 888. K. 482.15. . 

In both passages this verb with the s. p. has the same mean- 
ing as the simple verb τυγχάνω with as. p., “‘happen.”’ 
| épixw: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p.,.5.15.5.—G M T., 880. K. 482.5. 

The verb is used, like ἀποκρούω, in the sense of “check, or 
repel (the attack of).’’ The ptc: used with this verb appears to 
admit of classification as sup.: 5.15.5, of μὲν δὴ Παίονες ἦσαν 
ἕτοιμοι τὸν Μεγαβάζου στρατὸν ἐπιόντα ἐρύκειν, ‘Were ready to 


26 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


check the onset of the army.” (Cf. the use of the ptc. after μένω 
in Il. 13.38, quoted under δέχομαι, and classed as sup. by G., 880.) 
ἔρχομαι: With 5. p. in 13 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. ‘p.,° 1.5.11; 1:194.2 2411.3: 241.11; 2:35.14; ΝΣ 
2.99.3; 3.6.2; 3.80.25; 4.99.5; 6.109.20; 7.49.13; 7.102.10; (total 
13).—G M T. 895. K. 482.10. iM 

In each of the 13 passages above mentioned the s. p. with 
ἔρχομαι “contains the leading idea of the expression.”’ 

In 4 passages, 1.159.3; 5.98.20; 8.135.2; 8.140.8.7, a circ. pte. 
is used with this verb, in a sense somewhat similar to that in 
which the s. p. is used. In each of the 4 passages, however, the 
emphasis is upon the verb rather than upon the ptc.; the action. 
expressed by the verb is, or would be, complete without the ptc.; 
and the verb ἔρχομαι is used in a literal, local sense. With the 
5. p., on the other hand, ἔρχομαι has the meaning “1 am going 
to.” 1. e., “δῇ about to.’”’—It may be noticed further that the 
S. p. with this verb is in the future tense in each instance, whereas 
the circ. ptcs. are all present. But this distinction of tense is 
not vital. 

εὑρίσκω: With 5. p., 45. With inf., 5. Of these construc- 
tions, 23 ptes. and 4 infs. are in ind. disc., 22 ptes. and 1 inf. not. 
_ With s. Ὁ. in ind. dise., 1.5.2; 1.46.17; 1.56.6; 1.68.18; 1.107.11; 
1.137.6; 1.137.10; 1.139.6; 1.157.7; 2.2.26; 2.31.3; 2.44.9; 2.50.4; 
3.40.14: 3.95.5; 5.102.7; 6.125.14: 7.8.0.14; 7.10.6.6; 7.15.15; 
7.28.8; 7.46.20; 7.194.10; (total 23). With 5. p. not in ind. disc., 
1.124.2; 2.69.9: 3.15.2; 3.35.11; 3.42.14; 3.62.3; 3,112.4; 3.13733; 
4.1.13; 4.76.7; 4.113.13; 4.122.2; 5.29.11; 7.114.4; 8.40.8; 8.40.10; 
8.51.7; 8.117.5; 9.48.16; 9,106.26; 9.114.4; 9.114.5; (total 22). 
With inf., ind. disc., 1.79.4; 1.125.3; 5.24.5; 7.12.3; (total, 4). 
With inf., not in ind. disc., 9.28.15 —G M T. 883; 904; 915.6. 
K. 482.1; 484.16. | 

G. makes no distinction of meaning between the use of the 
s. Ὁ. and that of the inf. of ind. disc. after εὑρίσκω. He mentions 
the use of the object inf. after the middle of εὑρίσκω in the sense 
of ‘discover how (to do something).’’ Further he states that — 
εὑρίσκομαι in the sense “procure by asking’’ may be followed by 
the object inf., (915.6). K. states (484.16) that, εὑρίσκω with the 
ptc. means ‘‘find’’; with the inf., ‘‘find, =judge.’’ He mentions also 
the use of εὑρίσκομαι with the inf. in the sense of ‘‘ obtain (a request).”” 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS © 27 


In Hdt., εὑρίσκω with the 5. ps. not in ind. disc., and with all 
except 7 of those in ind. disc., means “find,” simply. With the 
— inf. in 9.28.15, εὑρίσκομαι means “obtain (by asking).’’ With the 
4-infs. in ind. disc. εὑρίσκω means ‘‘conclude,” or “judge.” It 
has this meaning also with 7 of the 5. ps. in ind. disc., 1.5.2; 
1.68.18; 1.137.6; 3.40.14; 7.8.a.14; 7.15.15; 7.194.10.—It is evi- 
dent that in general the principles stated by G. and by K. hold 
for Hdt.’s use of εὑρίσκω. But although G. does not distinguish 
between the inf. and the s. p. of ind. disc., there appears to be 
usually a difference of meaning such as K. suggests. On the 
other hand, the distinction suggested by K., while holding for the 
infs., does not hold for the s. ps. in 7 of the passages in which this 
construction occurs. Hdt. does not use εὑρίσκω meaning “find”’ in 
the simplest sense with the inf. of ind. disc. But after εὑρίσκω 
meaning “‘come to a conclusion’”’ he seems to use either the 5. p. 
or the inf. indifferently. 

It will be observed that the classification of ptcs. after εὑρίσκω 
as “in ind. disc.’ and “‘not in ind. disc.’’ is only approximately 
correct. (Cf. G M T. 883.) Of the 23 placed in the former 
class, one, 6.125.14, could be considered as not in indirect disc. 
And of the 22 placed in the latter class, 7 could be considered as in 
ind. disc., 3.15.2; 3.35.11; 4.113.13; 4.122.2; 5.29.11; 7.114.4; 8.117.5. 

In 1.44.10 and 5.29.9 ἃ 5. p. is to be understood: with εὑρίσκω. 
(—In 3 passages, 2.44.15; 6.118.5; 9.80.4, the object of εὑρίσκω is 
modified by a ptc. that is to be taken as attributive.) 

ἐφευρίσκω: With s. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 9.109.14.—G M T. 883. Κ΄ 482.1. 

In the passage mentioned ἐφευρίσκω with the ptc. means 
“find” or “detect.” This is in accord with the statements of 
both G. and K. 

égopaw: With 5. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.10.8; 1.110.18.—G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 

The verb means “catch sight of” in 1.10.8, and “look upon”’ 
“in 1.110.18. 

ἔχω ἄδην: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

- With 5. p., 9.39.13—G M T. 881. K. 482.4. 

In 9.39.13 this phrase is used with a s. p. in the sense of ‘ ‘be 
satisfied with,’ or ““have enough of’: ὡς δὲ ἄδην εἶχον κτείνοντες, 
“When they had enough of slaughter.” 


28 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


ἥδομαι: Withs. p. 8 times, not in ind. disc. 
With s. p., 1.56.2; 2.68.26; 3.21.6; 3.32.8: 3.34.23: 8.10.13: 


9.42.19; 9.46.20; (total 8).—G M T. 881; 900. K. 482.3; 423.18.¢: 


550. 


In all the passages except 8.10.13 and 9.46.20 the participle | 


completes the idea expressed by ἥδομαι by denoting the cause of 
the pleasure felt. In the two passages referred to, the ptc. is in 
agreement with a dative dependent upon εἰμὲ and γίγνομαι re- 
spectively: 8.10.13, ὅσοισι δὲ καὶ ἡδομένοισι ἦν τὸ γινόμενον, “As 
many as were pleased by what was taking place.’ 9.46.20, καὶ 
ἡδομένοισι ἡμῖν οἱ λόγοι γεγόνασι, ‘We are pleased with the pro- 
posal.”” In these passages the cause of the pleasure is denoted 
by the subject of the sentence. 
ἥκω: With 5. p. 4 times, not in ind. disc. 


With 5. p., 6.23.15; 6.108.35; 7.141.9; 8.80.7.—G M T. 895. — 


K. 482.10. - 

In the 4 passages mentioned the pte. may be taken to ‘‘con- 
tain the leading idea of the expression,” (G M T. 895). But the 
exact relative importance of the ptc. and the verb is impossible 


to determine, and the classification of the ptcs. in these passages 


as sup. is far from final. Of the 4 participles, those in 7.141.9 
and 8.80.7 may quite certainly be taken as sup., owing to the 
importance .of the idea expressed by the ptc.: 7.141.9, αἰδεσθεὶς τὰς 
ἱκετηρίας τάσδε Tas τοι ἥκομεν Hepovtes,-‘‘ Respect the supplicatory 
branches which we ‘have brought with us’.” 8.80.7, σὺ δὲ ἐπεί 
περ ἥκεις χρηστὰ ἀπαγγέλλων, ‘Since you have brought good news.” 

In 2 other passages, 7.57.6; 8.140.4, ἥκω is followed by a 
ptc. But in each case the pte. is clearly circumstantial. 

θαυμάζω: With 5. p.in 2 passages. Not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 5.92.7.29; 9.53.11.—G M T. 881. -K. 482.2. 

In 5.92.y.29 the 5. p. agrees with the object of θαυμάζω; in 
9.53.11, with the subject. In each instance the s. p. denotes the 
cause of the surprise felt. 

In 1,155.10, θαυμάζω is followed by an ei clause which con- 
tains not a true supposition but a statement of fact, and is there- 
fere equivalent to a clause introduced by ὅτι. The thought 
could have equally well been Fa asst by the use of a 5. p.: 
1:155.10, θωμάζω εἴ μοι ἀπεστᾶσι, “1 am surprised at their re- 
volting.”’ 


τ J 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS ς 29 


Hdt. does not use the inf. with this verb, although an inf. is 
sometimes found in Attic Greek. 

θεάομαι: With 5. p. 4 times, not in ind. disc. 

Withs. p., 1.10.5; 1.68.4; 7.56.1; 8.69.13.—G M T. 884. K.482.1. 

In each of the 4 passages θεάομαι is used with a 5. p. in the 
sense of “look upon, watch.” 

In 1.8.13 and 1.8.15 the 5. p. ἐοῦσαν is to be understood. 

ἱκανός εἰμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1 (prob- 
ably more). ‘The constructions are not those of ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.161.9. With inf., 3.45.14—G M T. 889. K. 
482.4; 484.22. 

With as. p. ἱκανός means “sufficient”; with an inf., “able.” 
The use of this word with a ptc. is not a common construction. 

Hdt., 7.161.9, ἐπισταμένοισι ws ὁ Λάκων ἱκανός τοι ἔμελλε ἔσεσθαι 
καὶ ὑπὲρ ἀμφοτέρων ἀπολογεύμενος, “Would be sufficient to speak 
in behalf of us both.” | ) 

The construction with an infinitive is a common one, and it 
is probable that other instances exist of its occurrence in Hdt. 
besides in the passage mentioned. 
καθηγέομαι: Withs. p.in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.8.a.2.—G M T. 879. . K: 482.6. 
In Hadt. 7.8.0.2, καθηγέομαι with the 5. p. 15 used in the sense “be 


first (to do something)’: οὔτ᾽ αὐτὸς κατηγήσομαι νόμον τόνδε ἐν 
ὑμῖν τιθείς, “I shall not be the first to introduce this custom 
among you.” 


In 7.183.14, τὸ δὲ ἕρμα ode Katnynoato ἐὸν ἐν πόρῳ μάλιστα 
Πάμμων Σκυρίος, the ptc. ἐόν is probably to be taken as circum- 
stantial, and the sentence to be translated, ‘‘ Pammon the Scyrian 
pointed out the rock to them, which was almost in their course.” 
If, however, καθηγέομαι may be followed by a ptc. in ind. disc., 
the ptc. in this passage may be considered as sup., and the sen- 
tence be taken to mean: ‘“‘Pammon pointed out to them ‘that 
the rock was’ almost in their course.’’—The earlier meaning 
~ seems however to be the correct one. 

Kabopaw: With 5. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.8.7.7; 9.59.5—G M T. 884. Κ. 482.1. 

Hdt. uses καθοράω with a 5. p. in.7.8.y.7 in the sense “look 
down upon’’; in 9.59.5, in the sense “catch sight οἵ, “δες, 
(= ὁράω, nearly). 


30 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


κάμνω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 3.16.8.—G M T. 881. K. 482.5. 

The verb κάμνω is not used with an inf. as is ἀποκάμνω occa- 
sionally. With the 5. p. κάμνω means ‘‘be weary (of doing some- 
thing).”” Thus, in 3.16.8, ταῦτα ἔκαμον ποιεῦντες, ‘‘They were 
weary of doing this.”’ 

καταβαίνω: Withs. p. in 4 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.90.15; 1.116.22; 1.118.5; Crea M T. 879; 
895. K. 482.6; 482. 10. 

Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as one followed by a 
s. p. Nor is there, in the classification made by either, a division 
in which a verb with the meaning of καταβαίνω definitely belongs. 
Yet in the 4 passages mentioned the pte. after καταβαίνω is clearly 
sup. With the 5. p. καταβαίνω means “come to do,” or “end by_ 
doing.” In each passage the 5. p: is a verb of “‘saying.”—E. g., © 
1.118.5, κατέβαινε λέγων ws περίεστί τε ὁ mais, ‘He ended by say- 
ing that the child was alive.”’ 

καταδείκνυμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. With inf. 
in 1 passage, not in ind. disc.. 

With 5. p., 7.215.9. With inf., 1.171.14—G M T. 904. 915.4. 
K. 482.2; 484. ie 

With the 5. p. in 7.215.9, καταδείκνυμι means “prove (a fact), 
(cf. L. ἃ S.): κατεδέδεκτο ἐοῦσα οὐδὲν χρηστή, “It had been- 
proved to be of no value.” 

With the inf. in 1.171.14 the verb means ‘“‘show how (to do 
something).”’ 

Both usages are in accord with the statements of G. and of 
K., (Lc. supra; cf. also under ἀποδείκνυμι). 

In 4.42.8, ἃ 5. p. is to be understood with καταδέξαντος. 

καταλαμβάνω: With s.p.in 9 passages. With inf.in 16. The 
constructions are not those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.46.7; 3.10.3; 3.128.3; 7.146.10; 7.146. 11; 7. 230.4; 
8.6.9; 8.114.7; 9.56.2: (total 9). With inf.,:2.452:4 2 152.16; 
2.162.3; 3.65.3; 3.75.11; 3.118.2; 3.149. 4; 4.33.20; 4.105.3; 6.38.8: 
6.103.4; 6.103.12; 7.155.3; 8.55.6; 9.75.5; 9.105.4;. (total 16).— 
G M T. 879; 883. K. 482.1; 473.4. 

Neither G. nor K. specifically mentions this verb as followed 
by both the s. p. and the inf., nor makes a distinction between 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS ( 31 


the meaning of the two constructions. (Each construction is, 
however, mentioned, though separately.) 

In Hdt., with the 5. p. in 1.46.7 and 3.128.3, καταλαμβάνω means 
“check,” or “stop.” It is not mentioned as ever having this 
meaning with the s. p., by G. or K. In 3.10.3; 7.146.10; 7.146.11; 
and 7.230.4, with the 5. p., it means ‘‘find.’”’ In 8.6.9; 8.114.7; 
and 9.56.2, with the 5. p., the meaning is again “‘find,” but rather 
in the sense of “‘come upon’’; so that the ptc. here approaches 
the cire. ptc. in use, though it may still be classed as sup. (In 
4.11.19; 6.29.9; 9.119.5, and perhaps in a few other passages, the 
pte. is clearly circ.) With the inf. in 2.162.3, καταλαμβάνω means 
*““prevent.”’ The difference of meaning between its use with the 
inf. in this passage, and its use with the s. p. in 1.46.7 and 3.128.3 
(cf. supra), is therefore similar to that suggested by G. (903.5) 
aid K. (484.28) for παύω with the inf. and the ptc. respectively. 
In 12 passages, καταλαμβάνω with the inf. is used impersonally 
with the meaning “it happened (that), or ‘it befell (someone . 
to)”: 2.152.7; 2.152.16; 3.118.2; 4.33.20; 4.105.3; 6.38.8; 6.103.4; ~ 
6.103.12; 7.155.3; 8.55.6; 9.75.5; 9.105.4. (In six of these pas- 
sages the infinitive is ἀποθανεῖν.) In 3.65.3 and 3.75.11 καταλαμβάνω 
with the inf. practically means ‘‘force.’’ In both passages, how- 
ever, the verb is used in a sense differing but little from that 
which it has in the 13 passages above mentioned; 3.149.4 is note- 
worthy. It has a personal subject, explained by an infinitive: 
νούσου ἥ μιν κατέλαβε νοσῆσαι, “ befell.’ 

καταμανθάνω: Withs. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 4.164.21—G M T. 904; 912. K. 482.1; 484.9: 
550. 

In 4.164: 21 the verb is used in the sense “‘discover (that),”’ 
according to Le &-Se | καί μιν Bapkaioi τε ἄνδρες... καταμαθόντες 
ἀγοράζοντα κτείνουσι, “᾿ΑΠπάᾶ some Barcaeans, having discovered 
that he frequented the market, slew him.’’ The verb could how- 
ever be taken to mean “perceive,” with the ptc. not in ind. disc.: 
“‘Perceiving him in the market-place.’’ 

καταρκέω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 


Ὁ. says (899) that ἀρκέω, ‘‘to be sufficient,’ is sometimes used 
in a personal construction with the ptc. where an impersonal con- 
struction with the inf. might be expected. K. also (cf. 484.22) 


32 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


apparently sees little difference of meaning between the two 
constructions, and translates ἀρκέω with the ptc., “It is enough 
(that I do)’; and with the infinitive used impersonally, “It suf- 
fices (to do something).” é 
But in 1.32.42 καταρκέω is used in ‘ie personal construction 
with as. p. in a sense distinctly different from that expressed by 
the impersonal infinitive: ὥσπερ χώρη οὐδεμία καταρκέει πάντα 
ἑωυτῇ παρέχουσα, “Just as no land suffices (i. 6., has sufficient 
natural resources) to produce everything for itself.’”’ This mean- 
ing could not have been expressed by means of the inf. used im- 


personally. The statements of both G. and K. are therefore _ 


inadequate. 

καταφαίνω: -With inf. in 4 passages, in ind. discourse. 

With inf., 1.58.2; 3.53.6; 3.130.4; 6.13.7—G ἜΜ T. 904; ee 
K. 482.2; 484.13. ἘΠ 

Both G. and Κ. suggest the general distinction between the 
use of the 5. p. and the inf. after φαίνομαι, that with the 5. p. the — 
verb means “‘clearly (be or do)’; and with the inf., “seem (to be. 
or 40). The distinction holds for 3 of the 4 passages in which 
Hadt. uses the inf. with καταφαίνομαι. But in 6.13.7, ἅμα δὲ κατε- 
φαίνετό σφι εἶναι ἀδύνατα τὰ βασιλέος πρήγματα ὑπερβαλέσθαι, the 
meaning seems to be, ‘‘Then too it was clearly impossible for 
them to overcome the power of the king.’”’ If this is the mean-_ 
ing of the passage, the ptc. would have been the more usual con- 
struction. But the meaning may be “‘seem”’ in this instance as 
well as in the 3 other passages. 

καταφράζω: Withs. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p. in 4.76. ἘΣΘ. 884. K. 482.1. 

The verb means “perceive”? in the passage mentioned.— 
4.76.17, καταφρασθεὶς αὐτὸν ταῦτα ποιεῦντα, “Having perceived 
him doing this.”’ | 

κατηλογέω: With 5. p. in 1-passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p. in 1.84.16—G M T. 919. K. 482.1; 488.1.0.6. 

In 1.84.16 the ptc., preceded by ὡς, seems to be sup., although 
its construction approaches very near the use of the cire. ptc.: 
κατηλόγησε τοῦτο ws ἐὸν ἄμαχόν τε Kai ἀπότομον, “He took no 
account of this, as being unassailable and precipitous.’—The 
meaning is almost, “thought of as being,” or “thought .. to be,” 
—a meaning usually expressed by means of a sup. ptc. (or an inf.). 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 33 


λαμβάνω: Withs. p. in 7 passages, not in ind. disc. 
~ With s. p., 1.27.14; 2.89.7; 3.29.10; 6.52.35: 6.137.25,; 7: 233. 14; 
9.99.9 —G M T. 883. K. 482.1. 

This verb, with the meaning ‘‘find”’ or ‘‘detect’’ may be fol- 
lowed by the s. p. Thus, 3.29.10, τὸν ἂν λάβωσι ὀρτάζοντα κτείνειν, 
“To kill whomsoever they should find keeping festival.” In 
9.39.9; 9.119.1 and 9.119.7 the pte. is circ., although the use of 
the ptc. in these passages is quite similar to that in the 7 pas- 
sages above mentioned. But in these 3 passages the meaning of 
λαμβάνω is “‘seize,’’ and after the verb with this meaning the ptc. 
is clearly to be considered as circ. E. g., 9.119.1, Οἰόβαζον.. 
ἐκφυγόντα... λαβόντες ἔθυσαν ἸΠλειστώρῳ, ““They seized Oeobazus 
after he had fled and sacrificed him to Plistorus.”’ 

— In 1.27.17 and 7.239.12 ἃ 5. p. is to be understood. Likewise 
in 4.11.26 a cire. pte. is omitted. 

AavOavw: With 5. p. in 11 passages. With reversed con- 
struction in 5. With relative clause following, in 1. The con- 
structions are not those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.44.8; 2.173.19; 3.40.1; 3.150.5; 5.86.22; 6.79.8; 
7,218.2; 8.5.14; 8.25.7; 9.22.15; 9.93.14: (total 11). With re- 
versed construction, 5.15.8; 8:22.17; 8.75.3; 8.81.2; 9.98.21; (to- 
tal 5). With rel. clause, 8.106.17.—G M T. 887; 893. K. 482.15: 
482. note 14. . 

Neither G. nor K. suggests a difference of meaning between 
the two constructions in which λανθάνω occurs. But an exam- 
ination of the passages in which the verb is found in Hdt. indi- 
cates that when λανθάνω is followed by the ptc., it is the action 
that escapes notice; and that when the construction is reversed 
and the ptc. of λανθάνω is used with a finite verb, the person (or 
thing) represented by the subject of the verb escapes the notice 
of someone, and is in consequence able to perform a certain 
action. Εὖ. g., 5.15.8, (οἱ Πέρσαι) ἔχοντες ἡγεμόνας τὴν ἄνω ὁδὸν 
τράπονται, λαθόντες δὲ τοὺς Παίονας ἐσπίπτουσι ἐς τὰς πόλιας αὐτῶν, 
ἐούσας ἀνδρῶν ἐρήμους. The Paeones are guarding one road, and 
the Persians pass by them without detection and are therefore 

_able to fall upon the cities of the former when few defenders are 
in the cities. The ptc. of λανθάνω is similarly used in 8.22.17; 
~ 8.81.2 and 9.98.21. But 8.75.3 is apparently an exception, the 
' reversed construction not involving a difference in meaning. - 


͵ 


34 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


In 8.106.17, in which a relative clause follows λανθάνω, the 
sense is the same as with the normal construction. 

Airapew: With 5. p. in 3 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p. in 3.51.7; 8.144.24; 9.45.16—G M T. 879. K. 
482.5. 

In each passage λιπαρέω with the 5. p. has the meaning “ per- 
severe”’ or ‘‘persist’’ (in doing something). , 

᾿ λογίζομαι: With 5. p.in 1 passage. With inf. in 5 or more. 
All are in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 3.65.22. With inf., 1.38.10; 2.46.3; 2.145.10; 
7.176.31; 8.136.17; (total 5)—G M T. 910. K. 482.1; 484.12; 
550. 

G. suggests no difference of meaning between the two con- 
structions that may follow this verb. Κ΄ states (484.12) that: 
λογίζομαι meaning “reflect, consider, hold as one’s opinion, or 
judge”’ takes the inf.; and that in Hdt. 3.65.22, Σμέρδιν τὸν Κύρου 
μηκέτι ὑμῖν ἐόντα λογίζεσθε, the verb approaches the meaning of 
ἴστε, “‘know.’’—He translates, ‘‘ Know that you no longer have 
Smerdis, (or, Think of him as no longer living).” 

In. all but one passage, λογίζομαι with the inf. means “‘con- 
sider.” In 7.176.31, ἐπισιτιεῖσθαι ἐλογίζοντο, the meaning is 
“expect.’”’—It is probable that other instances of the use of 
λογίζομαι with the zuf. occur in Hdt. besides the 5 mentioned. 

μανθάνω: With 5. p. in 36 passages. With inf. in 3 passages. — 
With ὅτι or ws clause in 19. With the exception of the infini- 
tives and one of the participles, all the constructions are those of 
ind. disc. ᾿ ; 

With 5. p., 1.5.7; 1.9.7; 1.68.6; 1:160.8; 1.191.29; 2.152.22; 
3.1.24: 314.21; -3:69.9; 3.69.25; ΣΟΥ ΤΙ ΔΊ τσ 
3.158.10; 4.112.2; 4.136.12; 4.164.12; 4.165.5; 4.166.11; 5.20.19; 
5.115.3; 6.13.1; 6.17.2; 6.75.1; 6.78.1; 6.88.6; 7.188.12; 7.189.8: 
7.218.1; 8.38.2; 8.88.5; 9.19.11; 9.33.13; 9.39.4; 9.47.6; 9.76.3; 
(total 36). With inf., 4,189.14; 9.111.26; 9.116.13. With ὅτε, 
or ws clause, 1.79.2; 1.87.11; 1.167.16; 3.21.7; 3.32.12; 3.43.3; 
3.52.25; 3.64.5; 3.148.12; 4.3.18; 6.69.13; 7.9.7.6; 7.49.11; 7.148.7; — 
8.65.34; 8.93.6; 8.107.12; 8.109.1; 9.77.3; (total 19)—G M T. 
884; 904; 912; 915.1. K. 482.1; 484.9; 550. 

G. and K. agree in stating that with the 5. Ὁ. or a ὅτι or ὡς 
clause μανθάνω means ‘‘learn’’ or ‘‘comprehend”’ (that something 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 35 


is true); and that with the inf. it means “learn”’ (to do some- 
thing). These statements hold for the usage of Hdt., the only 
possible exception occurring in 8.88.5, where the verb means 
*““perceive’’ and the 5. p. is not in ind. disc.: λέγεται yap βασιλέα 
θηεύμενον μαθεῖν τὴν νέα ἐμβαλοῦσαν, “It is said that the king, 
looking on, perceived the ship making the attack.” 

| No difference of meaning between the use of μανθάνω with a 
5. Ὁ. and with a finite clause is discernable. 

μένω: Withs. p. in 1 passage. Withinf.in 1 or more. The 
constructions are not those of ind. disc. 

With s. p. in 7.141.20. With inf., 8.56.4—G M T. 880, K, 
A825 

The passage in which the s. p. occurs is a part of the response 
of an oracle and is in verse: Μηδὲ σύ γ᾽ ἱπποσύνην τε μένειν καὶ 
πεζὸν ἰόντα, ““Do not await the advance of the cavalry and in- 
_ fantry.” .Elsewhere in poetry μένω is sometimes followed by a 
s. p., e.g. in Il. 13.38, (quoted under δέχομαι). Hdt. does not him- 
self use’a 5. Ὁ. with this verb. The usual construction after μένω 
in Hdt. as in other writers is the inf., one example of the use of 
which occurs in 8.56.4, οὐδὲ κυρωθῆναι ἔμενον τὸ προκείμενον 
᾿ πρῆγμα, “They did not even wait for the matter in hand to be 
settled.”’—It is probable that other instances of the use of the 
inf. occur in Hdt. 

μεταμέλομαι: Withs. p. in 5 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.130.6; 3.140.24; 4.203.10; 7.54.13; 9.89.18.— 
GM T. 881. K. 482.3. 

In each of the 5 passages μεταμέλομαι is used impersonally, 
and the ptc. is in the dative in agreement with the person who 
“repented.’’ The personal construction is not used in the case 
of this verb by Hdt. 

μηνύω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 2.121.y.14—G M T. 904. K. 482.2. 

_ The verb is used in the sense of “report,” or “inform.” Hdt. 
does not use the inf. with μηνύω, altho this construction is found 
elsewhere as well as that with thes. p. 

νομίζω: With 5. p. in one passage, not in ind. disc. With 

inf. in 66 passages, usually in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 2.1.7. With inf., 1.4.5; 1.8.3; 1.34.2; 1.48.7; 1.49.6; 
1.53.7; 1.71.5; 1.131.5; 1.131.6; 1.133.2; 1.135.2; 1.142.8; 1,146.12; 


36 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


1.171.25; 1.215.4; | 2.2.2:-2.2.5:. 2.5. 10;: 2.2526: 2:31.25 oe 
2.46.8; 2.52.11; 2.64.6; 2.72.2;2.77.7; 2104.5; 2.121.€.24: 2.122.3. 
2.145.1; 2.167.8; 3.16.11; 3.22.9; 3.34.7; 3.38.7; 3.69.11; 3.100.3; 
3.129.6; 4.3.16; 4.20.4; 4.59.4; 4.59.13; 4.94.2; 4.127.16; 4.191.2; 
5.82.11; 6.24.4; 6.63.12; 6.84.15; 6.86.8; 6.138.25; 7.8.6.5; 7.10.n.12; 
7.107.2; 7.120.8; 7.129.26; 7.150.6; 7.151.10; 7.153.20; 7.156.20; ~- 
8.79.3; 8.87.20; 8.94.22; 8.128.19; 9.53.5: 9.116. 10: (total 66).— 
GMT. 919. K. 482.1; 484.8. nin 

In 2.1.7 νομίζω followed by ὡς and a ptc. has the meaning 
“think of (as),’’ or ‘‘consider (as): Ἴωνας μὲν καὶ Αἰολέας ὡς 
δούλους πατρωίους ἐόντας ἐνόμιζε, “He considered the Ionians and 
the Aeolians as hereditary slaves.’’—K. states (484.8) that νομίζω 
usually means ‘‘know’’ in the few instances in which it is fol- 
lowed by the s. p., but this can not be the meaning in the passage 
cited above.—In Hdt. as elsewhere νομίζω usually means “think,” 

r “hold as one’s opinion,” and is regularly followed by the inf. 
In a few of the 66 passages above mentioned (e.g. in 4.191.2 and 
7.120.8) νομίζω with the inf. has the meaning “be accustomed 
to”; and the inf. is then not in ind. disc.—In 1.171.25 a pte. fol- 
lows νομίζω, but it is to be considered as a predicate nominative > 
after εἶναι, and not as a 5. p.: νομίζουσι... ἑωυτοὺς εἶναι αὐτόχ- 
θονας ἠπειρώτας Kal. . .dvaxpewpevous. 

νωμάω: Withs. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 4.128.8.—G M T. 884. K. 482.1. 

The verb usually has the meaning “distribute,” and is very 
rarely used as in the passage cited with the meaning “‘see’’ or 
“observe,” and followed by a 5. p.: 4.128.8, νωμῶντες ὧν σῖτα 
avatpeouevous, ‘Observing them in the act of foraging.”’ 

οἶδα: With 5. p. in 29 passages. Withinf.in 2. With ὅτι or 
ws Clause in 7. 

With s. p., 0.5.12; 1.1311; 4.405; 2.12:12;-2.17.53° 2:23; 
2.122.8; 2.150.8; 3.61.7; 3.72.6; 3.72.12; 3.115.8; 3.146.10; 4.15.2; 
4.33.25; 4.34.1; 4.46.5; 4.76.19; 5.92.7.28; 5.92.9.33; 7.26.9; 
7.50.19; 7.159.7; 7.175.8; 7.214.9; 9.21.11; 9.43.3; 9.43.11; 9.84.4: 
(total 29). W. inf., 4.25.2; 5.106.18. With ὅτι or ὡς clause, 
1.193.42; 3.69.15; 3.71.22; 4.155.11; 5.105.7; 6.17.4; 8.78.2; 
(total 7).—G M T. 904; 912; 915.2. K. 482.1; 484.7; 550. 

G. says (915.2) that οἶδα regularly has the 5. p. in ind. disc., 
but takes the inf. in the sense of ‘‘know how’’ (to do anything); 


”? 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 37 


also that in the sense of “know” or “believe” οἶδα sometimes 
- takes the inf. in ind. disc.—K.’s statement is substantially the 
same (484.7). . 

In Hdt. οἶδα means “know” in each passage in which the 
-§. p. or a finite clause follows the verb. In 4.25.2, οἶδα with the 
inf. means ‘“‘know how (to).”’ In 1.20.1 the inf. could be con- 
strued with οἶδα, and is so taken by Stein, (cf. his note on.5.106.18). 
But from the infrequency with which this construction occurs, 
the inf. can better be taken with ἀκούσας in this passage: 1.20.1, 
Δελφῶν οἶδα ἔγὼ οὕτω ἀκούσας γενέσθαι, “1 have this informa- 
tion, having heard from the Delphians that it happened thus.”’ 
In 5.106.18 the inf. (if it is not to be bracketed as Stein thinks) 

is in ind. disc. after ἴσθι. (Moore-Allen on Eurip. Med. 593, 

_ says that the inf. of ind. disc. is used only after this form of οἶδα.) 
5.106.18, ἴσθι αὐτὸν ἐπ᾿ ἑωυτοῦ βαλόμενον πεποιηκέναι: ‘Be as- 
sured that he has done this on his own initiative.”’—The princi- 
ples stated by G. and by K. apparently hold for all the passages 
in which Hdt. uses this verb. 

It is evident that all the constructions after οἶδα except one 
of the infs. are in ind. disc. 

οἴχομαι: With 5. p. 37 times, not in ind. disc. 

| With s. p., 1.1.20; 1.48.2; 1.68.29; 1.111.18; 1.157.4; 1,168.3: 
1.189.9: 2.29.7: 2.115.20; 2. 119. 12-9 171.6265 2.1375: 2.430 3. 
3.48.22. 3.131.3; 4.10.12; 4.145.7- 4.155.23; 4. 160.10: 4165.6: 
5.47.4: 5.75.17; 6.96.4; 6.97.2; 6.97.7; 7.164.14; 7.170.9; 7.197.13: 
7.218.14; 7.222.2; 7.228.3; 7.229.12; 8.94.4; 8.126.12; 8.135.17; 
9.118.4; 9.122.18; (total 37) —G M T. 895. K. 482. 15.e. 
- In the 37 passages mentioned the ptc. with οἴχομαι contains 
the leading idea of the expression. In 4 other passages, 2.118.10; 
4.11.4; 6.33.9 and 7.15.11 the idea expressed by οἴχομαι appears 
to be equal in importance to that expressed by the ptc., and the 
pte. can therefore better be classed as circ. E. g., 4.11.4, οἴχεσθαι 
διαβάντας ποταμὸν ᾿Αράξεα ἐπὶ γῆν τὴν Κιμμερίην, ‘Having crossed 
the river Araxes, they entered the territory of the Cimmerians.”’ 

- paw: With 5. p. in 174 passages. With ὅτι or ὡς clause 

in 5. Of the 5. p.’s, 139 are not in ind. disc., and 35 are in ind. 
disc. Of the clauses; only 1 is clearly in ind. disc. 


38 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


With 5. p., in ind. disc., (35): 


1. 11.3 3. 12.18 4. 9.20 
LE 3. 35:6 4.166.4 
1123 Pa be De 5. 200 
1.185.5 3.128.14 5. 29.3 
1.190.9 3.128.18 5. 40.3 
1.191.6 3.139.14 5. 75.14 
2.167.3 3.147.1 6. 1.8 
With s. p., not in ind. disc., (139): 
12°95 2.106.4 4. 31.7 
1...:.22.2 2.121.γ.3 4. 36.5 
1:30:21 2:121.7.8 4. 76.11 
1. 74.13 2.121.6.11 4. 76.19 
1. 80.7 2.150.5 4. 78.23 
1: 32.45 2.152.20 4. 79.22 
1. 84.18 2.156.6 4. 98.5 
1. 85.14 2.162.22 4.122.6 
1. 85.16 2.162.27 4.125.13 
1 Bi S135 4.130.2 
1. 88.5 3. 14.11 4.134.16 
1.111.15 3. 14.20 4,195.9 
1(111.23. ἐξ 3218.36 SO 
1.112.11 F229 5. 59.1 
1.117.7 a-32A9 5. 91.3 
1.123.5 3: 35.15 5. 91..28 
1.141.9 Sar PR 6. 14.14 
1955225 3. 66.2 6. 15.7 
1.197.6 3. 78.3 6. 16.9 : 
1.197.8 3. 78.31 6. 35.8 
1.206.6 3.145.6 6. 69.8 
1.207.5 3.145.15 6. 69.12 
1.209.3 3.155.1 6. 75.9 
1.209.18 oe SY oe | 6. 86.a.22 
2. 12.2 4. SAG 6.112.5 
2° 38.0 43:17 6.112.8 
2. 44.4 4: 96 6.119.6 
2. 64.7 4. 9.21 6.129.20 


6. 13.5 

6: 15.} 
6. 61.16 
6. 61.28 
62°62 

7. 47.13 
1AIG63" 


6.137.9 
7. 8.6.4 
7.18.8 
7. 44.7 
7. 45.1 
7. 54.3 
7,128.1 
7.139.17 
7.147.11 
7.160.1 
7.167.1 
7,194.17 
7.208.12 
1:24 E12 
7.218.7 
7.233.4 
8. 4.2 
6.8 
10.1 
10.10 
37.4 
53.10 
35.9 
65.6 
75.19 
78.4 
. 87.20 
8. 90.14 


96 90 00 90 90 00 90 05 09 09 


7.209.9 
7.236.4 
8. 10.6 
9: 3348 
9. 34.10 
9. 58.9 
9.103.8. 


8. 94.5 
8. 97.10. 
8.100.3 
8.108.1 
8.129.3 
18.8 
19.4 
22.17 
23.1 
37.20 
45.9 
46.16 
48.10 
51.15 
53.2 
55.2 
58.8 
59.6 
66.13 
66.15 
76.8 
82.4 
82.10 
98.9 
99.4 
9.103.11 
9.113.3. 


CODOGCOOGV OOOO OO Y S999 


With ὅτι or ὡς clause, (5): 2.131.11; 7.10.c.1; 7.10.€.3; 


7.135.9; 8.88.6.—G M T., 884; 904; 912. K. 482.1; 484.2; 550. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 39 


Of the 35 s. p.’s classed as in ind. disc., 19 are certainly in 
ind. disc.; but the remaining 16 are not necessarily to be so con- 
sidered. The 16 are in 1.112.3; 1.185.5; 1.190.9; 1.191.6; 2.167.3; 
3.12.18; 3.128.14; 3.128.18; 3.139.14; 4.166.4; 5.75.14; 7.236.4; 
8.10.6; 9.33.17; 9.34.10; 9.103.8.—With 20 of the 35 5. p.’s that 
may be considered as in ind. disc., ὁράω means “566. With the 
other 15 it means ‘“‘realize,’’ “recognize,” or ‘‘know’’; for the 
perception is distinctly mental, rather than visual. It is to be 
observed however that in those passages in which ὁράω with the 
s. Ὁ. of ind. disc. apparently means simply “see,” it may be con- 
sidered as meaning “‘know, or become aware, (from seeing).”’ 
For a construction in ind. disc. contains the expression of a fact; 
and a fact is grasped by the mind, even though the eye or some 
‘other sense organ has been instrumental in the acquirement of 
- the knowledge. The 15 passages in which épaw with the 5. p. 
means definitely “realize” or ‘‘know”’ are: 1.11.3; 1.11.17; 
1.185.5; 1.190.9; 2.167.3; 3:12:18; 3.35.16; 3.72.2; 3.128.14; 
3.128.18; 3.139.14; 3.147.1; 7.209.9; 9.33.17; 9.34.10. 

Only 1 ὅτι clause was found after ép4w— in 2.131.11. It is 
in ind. disc. Four clauses are introduced by ὡς, all of which 
are in ind. disc.—It is evident that Hdt. uses almost exclusively 
the 5. p. after épaw to express ind. disc. = 

The 5. p. ὧν is omitted in 4 passages, not already mentioned, 
namely, 2.121:8.3; 3.12.19; 5.18.9; 9.68.3. 

παντοῖος γίγνομαι: With 5. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. 
The constructions are not those of ind. disc. : 

With 5. p., 7.10.y.5; 9.109.11. With inf., 3.124.6—G M T. 
896. K. 482.8; 484.30. 

G. states (896) that this phrase in the sense of ‘‘be urgent’’ 
is followed by the 5. p. K. suggests (484.30) that the phrase 
when followed by the 5. p. means “‘exert one’s self to the utmost 
in the accomplishment of something’’; and that with the inf. the 
meaning is ‘exert one’s self to the utmost in order that some- 
‘thing may take place.’’-—The principle as thus stated holds for 
Hdt., upon whose use of the phrase K.’s distinction is probably 
based, inasmuch as the phrase is seldom if ever found elsewhere 
with a s. p. However, it may be urged that some ptc. such as 
δεομένη is to be supplied in 3.124.6, where the inf. occurs after 
this phrase: παντοίη éyivero μὴ ἀποδημῆσαι τὸν Πολυκράτεα. The 


40 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


meaning of the passage would then be, ‘‘She was urgent in en- 
treating Polycrates not to go away’’; whereas, if no ptc. be sup- 
plied, the ΩΝ ἢ 15 ‘‘She used every means to prevent Polycrates 
from going away.” L. ἃ 5. favor supplying the pte., but it 
appears to be hardly necessary. 

παύω: With 5. p. in 17 passages, With inf. in 2. Nos. p. 
or inf. is.in ind. disc. | 

With 5. Ὁ: in 1.133,9; °1,133.11;+1:14110; 1.1554; E2067. 
2.158.24; 3.53.14; 4.42.9; 5.23.16; 5.92.y.32; 7.10.9.2; 7.107.4; 
8.112.1; 8.125.7; 8.142.1; 9.87.2; 9.93.25; (total 17). With inf., 

5.67.4; 7.54.7.—G M T. 879; 903.5. K. 482.6; 484.28. 

G. states that παύω with the ptc. means to “stop (what is 
going on)”; and with the inf., to ‘‘prevent (a future act). K. 
similarly gives the respective meanings as “‘stop’’ and “ prevent.’” 

With all but one of the 5. ps. the middle of παύω is used, with 
the meaning “cease.” In 5.23.16 the active of παύω is used, with 
_ the transitive meaning ‘“‘stop (something being done).”’ 

In 5.67.4, Κλεισθένης γὰρ ᾿Αργείοισι πολεμήσας τοῦτο μὲν ῥαψῳδοὺς 
ἔπαυσε ἐν Σικυῶνι ἀγωνίζεσθαι τῶν Ὅμηρείων ἐπέων εἵνεκα, παύω 
with the inf. seems to mean “stop” rather than “᾿ργενθηΐ,᾽" 
although the latter interpretation is placed upon the passage by 
G. (903.5) and K. (484.28). From the context it must be in- 
ferred that the contests referred to were being regularly carried 
on. The effect of the action of Cleisthenes was then to “‘put a 
‘stop to”’ the practice. This however involved the “ preventing”’ 
of the recurrence of the contests in the future. Evidently Cleis- 
thenes did not stop an act in the midst of its occurrence. He 
stopped a series of acts, thereby preventing a recurrence of the 
individual acts. 

Again in 7.54.7, παύω is followed by an inf.: Zepéys.... 
εὔχετο... μηδεμίαν οἱ συντυχίαν τοιαύτην γενέσθαι, ἥ μιν παύσει 
καταστρέψασθαι τὴν Ἐὐρώπην πρότερον ἤ ἐπὶ τέρμασι τοῖσι ἐκείνης γένηται Ὁ 
G. (576) and K. (484.28) each refer to this passage as δὴ instance of Ὁ 
the use of the inf. after παύω meaning “prevent.” But παύω 
may mean here either “stop” or ‘‘prevent.’’—The question of 
chief importance is, after what verb is the clause following πρότερον 
ἤ to be taken? It cannot οἵ course follow καταστρέψασθαι, and 
must therefore depend upon either γενέσθαι or παύσει. Kallen- 
berg and Stein each place a comma after γενέσθαι and none after 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 41 


Evpwrnv, which would’ seem to indicate that both consider the 
clause after πρότερον ἤ as following παύσει. Furthermore, Stein’s 
note on the syntax of γένηται shows clearly that he construes the 
clause thus. If this construction be assumed as correct, the 
sentence seems to mean: ‘Xerxes prayed that no such mis- 
fortune might befall him, as would interrupt (i. e., stop) his re- 
duction of Europe before he should arrive at its farthest bounds.”’ 
It can hardly mean, as G. and K. each imply (1. c.): ‘Xerxes 
prayed that no such accident might befall him as would pre- 
vent him from subduing Europe, until he had reached its utmost 
limits.’ For the fact that the clause after πρότερον ἤ is used at 
all implies that Xerxes had no fear of being checked before he 
had subdued at least a part of Europe. Rather is he anxious 
~ lest while in the act of bringing Europe under his control he may 
be interrupted and hence stopped in his career of conquest before 
he has arrived at the limits of the continent. But if, after sub- 
duing a part of the continent, he should then be effectually 
checked, he would be stopped in the act of carrying out his plan, 
and not prevented from executing at least a part of it. The acci- 
dent would prevent the completion of his plan; but to stop any 
action effectively is to prevent its continuance. 

On the other hand, an explanation is possible in support οἱ 
the meaning “‘prevent.’’—If the clause after. πρότερον be taken 
closely with μηδεμίαν συντυχίην γενέσθαι, the thought of Xerxes’ 
prayer may then be, “That no misfortune might befall him before 
he should get. to the farthest limits of Europe, that would pre- 
vent the accomplishment of his plan, namely, the subjugation of 
(all) Europe.” The subjunctive after πρότερον 4, with which 
Stein finds difficulty, would then be satisfactorily accounted for 
by the negative idea contained in μηδεμίαν συντυχίην. The aorist 
infinitive καταστρέψασθαι would then have its proper force, ex- 
pressing a single definite act, if the “subjugation of all Europe”’ 
be thought of as Xerxes’ purpose. (Cf. 7.8:7.) 

Of the two explanations, the latter seems to be better supported 
by the Greek.—Xerxes, looking forward to the time when his purpose 
should be achieved, prays, ‘‘May nothing happen at any moment 
before I get to the farthest bounds of the continent that shall defeat 
my aim.” For him, in this instance, to fail at all was to fail alto- 
gether—to be wholly “‘prevented”’ from accomplishing his design. 


42 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


The principles stated by G. and by K. relative to the use of 
the ptc. and the inf. with παύω apparently hold for Hdt.’s usage, 
with the possible exception of one passage, 5.67.4. The use of 


the inf. may there be explained by the fact that if the pte. had > 


been used the sentence might have seemed to mean that Cleis- 


thenes interrupted contests that were actually in progress rather — 


than that he interrupted the series. (So Stein.) 

“Of 7 examples of παύειν (ἀποπαύειν) with infin., 5 (including 
Hadt. 5.67) refer to the stoppage of repeated acts; not in the actual 
performance (which would require the ptc., probably). παύειν 
thus differs from κωλύω in that it means stop something that has 


been previously done and is to be prevented in its repetition. | 
κωλύω would imply nothing as to previous action. The other two — 


passages are Hdt. 7.54 and Plato Rep. 416c. In the latter, παύω. 
with εἶναι is used of checking a condition that has existed, and 
preventing its being so in the future. I should not venture to 
differentiate from the participle. In Hdt. 7.54 we have the pre- 
vention of the completion (there may be emphasis on the κατα- of 
καταστρέψασθαι) of an act that takes a long time. It is perhaps 
the special meaning of καταστρέψασθαι that would make the use 
of the present ptc. here peculiar. The pte. would perhaps mean: 
‘check him as he was getting all Europe subdued’.”—A. 6. 
Laird. 

mepaw: With 5. p. in 15 passages. With inf. in 32. No inf. | 
or ptc. is in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.77.4; 1.84.6> 2.73.13; 4.125.16; 5.91.24; 5.92.η.32; 
6.5.8; 6.9.17; 6.50.4; 7.9: JS: 7.139. 8: 7.148. 7 7.172. 18: 9.26.9: 
9.53.18; (total 15). With inf., 1.76.13; 1.189.6; 1.189.8; 1.193.34; 
1.207.26; 4.3.7; 4.119.16; 4127.12; 4.139.6; 4.203.11; 5.16.4; 
5.20.24; 5.36.22; 5.62.10; 5.71.5; 5.72.6; 5.85.5; 6.62.12; 6.84.9; 
6.138.19; 7.176.22; 8.57.11; 8.77.2; 8.89.11; 8.97.7; 8.100.17; 
8.107.3; 8.108.15; 8.143.7; 9. 27.37; 9.33. 15; 9.47.5: (total 32).— 
GMT. 896. K. 482.8; 484. 30. 

G. suggests no distinction of meaning for the use of this verb 
with the s. p. and with the inf. K. states (484.30) that with the 
By. weiphone: means ‘‘try one’s skill at something’’; and with the 
inf., ““attempt to do something.”’ 

An examination of the passages in which Hat. uses this verb 


shows that there is no definitely retained distinction between the ~ 


᾿ SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 43 


use of the s. p. and that of the inf. Some passages—about half 

of the total number—would seem to indicate that in Hdt. πειράομαι 
_ with the s. p. means ‘“‘try doing something,” i. e., actually begin 
the action which it is desired to accomplish; and that with the 
inf. πειράομαι means “strive toward”’ a certain end—an end which 
will either be fully attained, or not be attained; i. e., it will not 
be partly reached. This distinction, in the main, corresponds 
with that suggested by K.—Thus, with the ptc., in 1.84.6, ἀνὴρ... 
ἐπειρᾶτα προσβαίνων, the meaning is that the person attempted 
to ascend the rock, and began the ascent. In 1.76.13 the inf. is 
used: πέμψας κήρυκας és τοὺς Ἴωνας, ἐπειρᾶτό odeas ἀπὸ Κροίσου 
 ἀπιστάναι: Cyrus attempted to “bring about the revolt’’ of the 
Ionians from Croesus, but there is no indication that any part 
of his purpose was attained. The distinction does not however 
depend upon whether the action as a whole is successful. Thus 
in 5.36.22, ἐδόκεε συλλαμβάνειν πειρᾶσθαι τοὺς... .στρατηγούς, al- 
though the inf. is used the generals were seized as had been plan- 
ned. In 6.5.8. Bin ἐπειρᾶτο κατιὼν ὁ Ἱστιαῖος, the action was 
unsuccessful as a whole, although the ptc. is used.—The distinc- 
tion suggested may be said to hold for 6 of the 15 passages in 
which the s. p. occurs: 1.77.4; 1.84.6; 2.73.13; 6.50.4; 7.9.a.5; 
7.139.8. In the other 9, the distinction. could still be made, but 
cannot be insisted upon. Of the 32 passages in which the inf. 
’ is found, the distinction holds for 18. In 6 of the remaining 14 
the distinction is doubtful: 1.189.6; 1.189.8; 6.62.12; 8.89.11; 
8.97.7; 8.100.17. For the remaining 8 passages the distinction 
does not hold: 1.207.26; 4.139.6; 5.20.24; 5.36.22; 8.57.11; 8.77.2; 
8.108.15; 9.47.5—It will be noticed that the distinction suggested. 
holds definitely for only 24 of the 47 passages in which Hdt. 
uses metpaw.—Hdt. employs the deponent forms of this verb in 
all passages but 1, in 6.84.9. It is there followed by an inf.—In 
4,139.6 a circ. pte. intervenes between zetpdw.and the inf. 

πενθέω: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.220.19.—G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 

The s. p. with this verb occurs in an oracular response quoted 
by Hdt.: 7.220.19, πενθήσει βασιλὴ φθίμενον, ‘ Will mourn the 
death of a king.” | 

mepinuextew: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 8.109.3.—G M T. 881. K. 482.3; 485. note 3. 


44 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


In 8.109.3, οὗτοι... ἐκπεφευγότων περιημέκτεον, “They were 
aggrieved at the escape (of the Persians),’’ the ptc. may be classed — 
as sup. But K. (482.3) suggests that it may also be considered 
as a genitive absolute with an omitted noun.—The construction 
is however sufficiently similar to that of s. ps. with such verbs 
as ἄχθομαι εἰς. (cf. 9.98.2) to warrant its classification as sup. 

περιοράω: With 5. p. in 10 passages. With inf. in 6. None 
is in ind. disc. ; cae 

With s. p., 1.89.7; 2.110.7; 3.65.32; 4.118.9; 6.106.6; 7.168.6; 
8.75.17; 9.6.9; 9.7.8.7; 9.41.23; (total 10). With inf., 1.24.16; 
1.191.20; 2.63:25; 3.48.13; 4.113.6; 7.16.a.6; (total 6).—G M T. 
885; 903.6. K.482.5; 484.24. 

G. states (903.6) that περιοράω with the s. p. means “566 an 
act done without interfering to stop it’’; and “‘with the less fre- 
quent inf., ‘permit an act to be done without interfering to pre- 
vent it’.’’ He adds that sometimes the same sense is expressed by 
both the 5. p. and theinf. K. makes a statement equivalent to the ~ 
above, regarding the difference of meaning of the two constructions. 

The distinction suggested by G. and by K. holds for 4 of the 
10 passages in which the 5. p. occurs, and for all the passages in 
which the inf. is used. But in 6 passages περιοράω with the 5. ἢ. 
means ‘‘permit an act without preventing it”: 4.118.9; 6.106.6; 
7.168.6; 8.75.17; 9.6.9; 9.7.8.7. 

πλήρης εἰμί: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not 1n ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.146.15.—G M T. 881; (cf. 896; 899.) K. 482.4. 

In 7.146.15 the phrase is used in the sense ‘‘be satisfied with” 
(seeing): ἐπεὰν δὲ ταῦτα θηεῦμενοι ἔωσι amAnpees.—G. does not 
mention this phrase. 

πολὺς ἔγκειμαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.158.2—G M T. 896. K. 482.8, note. 


This phrase appears to be used in 7.158.2 with a s. p. in the ὦ 


sense of ‘‘be urgent’’ (in doing something): 7.158.2, Γέλων δὲ 
πολλὸς ἐνέκειτο. λέγων τοιάδε. G. takes λέγων as a 5. p., but Κα. 
considers it as cire., expressing manner, and translates, “Ὁ. drang 
heftig auf sie ein, indem er folgendes sprach.”’ 

πολύς εἰμι: With 5. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 1.98.2; 9.91.1—G M T. 896. K. 482.8. 

The general meaning of this phrase with a s. p. is “ (do) em- 
phatically,”’ or ‘““be earnest (in doing something).”’ 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 45 


The phrase is used in a somewhat similar manner in another 
passage, 8.59.4: πολλὸς ἦν ὁ Θημιστοκλέης ἐν τοῖς λόγοισι οἷα κάρτα 
δεόμενος. But in this instance the ptc. does not bear ἃ suffi- 


ciently close relation to πολλὸς ἦν to warrant its classification 


as sup. 

προβαίνω: Withas. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s: p., 1.134.18; 5.51.11—G M T. 895; (cf. 879). K. 
482.6; 482.10. 

The ptc. contains the leading idea of the expression in 1.134.18 
and 5.51.11. In these passages προβαίνω means “proceed to.’’— 
It has the same meaning in 1.5.13 and 6.75.15, but the ptcs. in 
_ these passages are to be considered as circ. For the meaning of 
the verb 15 there completed by adverbial phrases, not by the 
ptes.: 6. g., 6.75.15, ἐπιτάμνων yap κατὰ μῆκος Tas σάρκας προέβαινε 
ἐκ τῶν κνημέων ἐς τοὺς μηρούς. 

προπυνθάνομαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.147.3.—G M T. 904;914.1. K. 482.1; 484.3; 550. 

In 7.147.3 this verb with a s. p. means “‘hear (that something 
is true).’’ The knowledge is transmitted directly, and as a fact, 
(not as mere rumor). This is in accord with K.’s distinction 
(484.3; cf. on ἀκούω, supra). 

προσδέχομαι: With 5. p.in 1 passage. With inf. in 5. With 
ὡς clause in 1. All the constructions are those of ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.89.9. With inf., 5.34.2; 6.100.10; 7.156.16; 
8.130.14; 9.6.2. With as clause, 9.48.13. 

This verb is used in each instance in the sense of “expect 
(that something will happen).”” No difference of meaning in the 
use of the verb with the different constructions is apparent. 

προσδόκιμός εἰμι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, in ind. disc. 

Withs. p., 9.89.16 —G M T. 904. K. 482.5. 

The phrase is used in the sense of ‘‘be expected (to be doing 
something)’’: 9.89.16, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑμῖν Μαρδόνιος καὶ ὁ στρατὸς αὐτοῦ 
οὗτος κατὰ πόδας ἐμεῦ ἐλαύνων προσδόκιμός ἐστι, “YOu are to ex- 
pect Mardonius and his army following close on Τὴν heels.’’— 
The ptc. ἐλαύνων is probably sup., but could be considered as 
“pare, 

πυνθάνομαι: Withs. p.in 40 passages. With inf.in 40. With 
ὅτι or ὡς clause in 15. All the constructions except 5 of the 
S. pS. are in ind. disc. 


46 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


With s. p., in ind. dise., (35): 


1. 27.16 2. 54.5 of 9.4 £1123 8.141.10 
1 32:25 3. 40.5 5215.0 7,173.23 9: eke 
1; 99.1 o.- Δ 5. 15.10 7.177.5 9. 334 
1, le 4. 43.32 6, 23.12 7.206.4 9.78 
1.100.7 4.134.7 6.100.1 8. 26.12 9. 98.1 
1.127.3 4,144.3 7. 28.6 8. 40.10 9.110.1 
1.214.6 4.166.4 7.163.8 8.108.5 9.113.11. 


With 5. p., not in ind. disc., (5,) 1.54.1; 2:160.9; 4.120.1; 5.79.7; 
685-1! | 


With inf., (40,): 


2.2.2 2. 44:3 5.104.8 7.114.5 7.225.6 
1. 69.7 2.133.20 5.106.3 7.114.9 8. ΟΣ 
1. 70.13 S122 549 5.111.5 7.121.6 8. 40.10 
1. 86.10 3.127.7 5.122.4 7.128.4 8. 7 is 
1. 97.2 4.133.7 6. 41.1 7.128.9 8.141.1 
1.157.3 5. 15.1 6.117.15 7.147.14 ΟἿ 
1.170.2 REE by Ὥς 6.125.7 7.159.3 O 1 
1.196.2 5. 30.18 7. 8.10 7.166.30 9. 96.5. 
With ὅτι or ὡς clause (15), 

1. 96.15 Li A Ue 7.157.6 7.226.4 8.112.8 
3.141.4 6. 41.13 7.191.20 8. 50.9 8.136.9 
5. 86.18 6.135.5 7.196.7 &. 5.3 8.144. 28. 


—G M T., 884: 886: 904: 914.1. K., 482.1: 484.3: 550. 


G. states that πυνθάνομαι is followed by as. p. not in ind. disc., 
and also by as. p. in ind. disc.; that the former ptc. denotes the 
act perceived or heard of, whereas the latter denotes the fact 
that the act occurs (884). He states further (886) that πυνθάνομαι 
in Attic Greek regularly takes the genitive of the ptc. not in ind. 
disc., and the accusative of the ptc. of ind. disc. He suggests 
no. distinction of meaning in the use of the different construc- 
tions of ind. disc. K. (484.3) states that πυνθάνομαι with the 
5. p. means to learn or hear as a fact; and with the inf., to learn 
as rumor or hearsay. 

Of the 5 s. ps. not in ind. disc., those in 2.160.9 and 5.79.7 
are in the genitive after πυνθάνομαι, and denote, with their noun, 
the source of the information gained. In 6.85.1, where the geni- 
tive is again used, the ptc. denotes something “heard of.” But 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 47 


in 1.54.1 and 4.120.1 the accusative with a ptc. is used, denoting 
the thing heard—in each case a reply reported. The usage in 
these 2 passages is therefore not in accord with the principle 
stated by G. (886). 

Of the 35 s.ps. in ind. disc. after πυνθάνομαι there is none for 
which the distinction of meaning suggested by K. (484.3) can be 
said definitely not to hold. The information was, or may have 
been, in each instance learned ‘“‘as a fact.’’ In over four-fifths - 
of the passages it is impossible to ascertain how definite or reli- 
able the information acquired was. But in the case of those 
passages in which the inf. is used, the distinction of meaning 
seems to hold for only half—20. For 9 of these it quite cer- 
tainly does not hold, as far as may be judged from the context: 
ἘΠ 0.125.4, 7.114.5- 7:225.6; 8.40.10; 8.141.1; 9.3.7; 9.31.3; 
9.96.5. In two of these passages both a ptc. and an inf. follow 
πυνθάνομαι, 5.15.5 and 8.40.10. The eleven other passages for 
which the distinction apparently does not hold are: 1.62.10; 
1.170.2; 4.133.7; 7.8.y.10; 7.121.6; 6.117.15;° 7.128.4; 7.128.9; 
7.147.14; 8.6.3; 8.71.5. In two of the passages in which a clause 
follows πυνθάνομαι, 1.96.15 and 7.191.10, the information ap- 
pears to have been received as rumor or tradition, but in the 13 
other passages there is nothing to indicate that the information 
was not considered reliable. 

᾿συγγιγνώσκω: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf.in 10. All 
are in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 5.91.13. With inf., 1.41.18; 1.89.15; 1.91.30; 
3.53.2; 4.43.28; 4.126.7; 5.86.7; 6.61.8; 6.92.12; 6.140.9; (total 
10).—G M T. 904; 908. K. 482.1; 484.6. 

 G. offers no distinction of meaning in the use of the 5. p. and 
of the inf. after this verb. K. states (484.6) that with the 5. p. 
it means “be conscious or aware’’; and with the inf., “‘confess, 
~ admit, or become conscious.”’ 

With the 5. p. in 5.91.13, συγγιγνώσκω means “be conscious.” 
With the inf. it means “become conscious” in 1.89.15 and 3.53.2; 
and “admit” in 1.91.30; 4.43.28; 6.61.8; 6.92.12; 6.140.9. K.’s 
statement holds therefore for these -8 passages. But in 1.45.18; 
4.126.7; 5.86.7 the meaning of συγγιγνώσκω with the inf. seems 
to be ‘‘be conscious,’ and the ptc.. might therefore have been 
expected in these passages. 


48 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE ἘΞ HERODOTUS 


The inf. is evidently the usual constructon with this verb 
in Hdt., as in Attic Greek. 


ovyxupéw: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. Neither 
is in ind. disc: 

With s. p., 8.87.16. With inf. 9.90.3.—G M T. 889. K. 
482.15.a. 

Neither G. nor K. suggests any difference of meaning between 
‘the two constructions after this verb, nor is any perceptible in 
the 2 passages mentioned. In each instance συγκυρέω means 
““happen.’’—In 8.92.1, two circ. ptcs. are used with the subject ᾿ 
of this verb. 3 

συμβαίνω: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 5. These 
are not in ind. disc. ; 

With 5. p., 9.101.7. With inf., 3.50.3; 6.103.6; 7.166.1; 8.88.3; 
9.101.10; (total 5).—G M T. 890. K. 482.9; 477.c. Sea 

The verb means “happen,” whether followed by the inf. or 
the 5. p.—In 1.32.15 the pte. is circ. 

συμπίπτω: With 5. p. in 3 passages. Withinf.in 5. Noneis 
in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 1.82.4; 5.36.2; 9.101.1. With inf., 1.131.2; 5.35.6; 
8.15.5; 8,132.16; 8.141.7; (total 5)—G M T. 890. K. 482.9; 
473.4. 

_ There is no apparent difference of meaning between the dif-_ 
ferent constructions. The last 3 mentioned of the 5 infinitives 
are introduced by ὥστε. Although Hdt. is the only author who 
uses the s. p. to any extent with this verb, he, too, evidently 
prefers the inf. construction. In each instance the meaning 15. 
‘““happen.”’ | 
συμφέρω: With 5. p. in 1 passage. With inf. in 21. These 
are not in ind. disc. : 

With 5. p., 8.88.11. With inf., 1.19.2; 1.73.16; 1.74.7; 2.79.5; 
2.111.3; 3.14.24; 3.42.2; 3.71.8; 3.129.2; 3.133.1; 5.33.6; 6.23.15° 
6.86.a.6; 6.117.4; 7.4.3; 7.10.8.3; 7.117.2; 7.133.9; 8.88.2; 8.90.4; 
8.104.5: (total, 21).—Cf. G M T. 890.—K. 482.9; 473.4; 475.4 

' The inf. is evidently the regular construction with this verb. 
In 8.88.11 the ptc. yevoueva appears to be sup. after συμφέρω, al- 
though it could be considered as circ.: τά τε yap ἄλλα, ws εἴρηται, 
αὐτῇ συνήνεικε ἐς εὐτυχίην γενόμενα, καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Καλυνδικῆς 
νεὸς μηδένα ἀποσωθέντα κατήγορον γενέσθαι, “ΤῊΣ other events 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 49 


‘chanced to turn out’ fortunately for her. ...”—In 8.87.10, τὸ 
καὶ συνήνεικε ποιησάσῃ, “Which event turned out to her advan- 
᾿ς tage, when she had done it,”’ the pte. is to be taken as circ., altho 
it could be considered as sup. 

συνάχθομαι: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 8.142,15.—G M T. 881. K. 482.3. 

In 8.142.15 the verb is followed by a 5. p. in the dative, in 
the sense of “be grieved along with” (someone), i. e., ‘“sym- 
pathize with (someone) in his grief.” 

συνεκπίπτω: Withs. p.in 1 passage. With inf. in 1.—-Neither 
~ isin ind. disc. 

With 5. p. 8.123.8. With inf. 8.49.7.—Cf. G M T. 890—K. 
482.15. | | 

The sense is in each instance ‘“‘happened to agree” (in), or 
{{πΠ68:...... 

συνίημι: With 5. p. in 2 passages. With ὅτι clause in 1. 
All are in ind. disc. 7 

With 5. p., 1.205.4; 5.92.7.3. With ὅτι clause, 5.19.9. 

In each of the passages the meaning of συνίημι is ‘‘compre- 
hend.”’ ᾿ 

σύνοιδα: With 5. Ρ. in 3 passages, in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.164.9; 8.113.16; 9.60.16 —G M T. 904; 908; 
912. K. 482.1. : 

In 7.164.9 and 8.113. 16 σύνοιδα means irae? simply, 

=oida). In 9.60.16 the meaning is more nearly ‘“‘be conscious 
that.”’ = : 

τελευτάω: With 5. p. in 2 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 2.33.15; .7.123.14. GM T. 879. K. 482.6. 

The verb is used in each passage in the sense of “‘cease (doing © 
- something),” or ‘‘finish (doing something).” 

Thaw: With s. Ῥ. in 1 passage. With inf. in 1. Neither is 


in ind. disc. 


With s. p., 5.56.5. ‘With inf., 9.228.14—G M T. 880; 903.2. 
K. 482.5; 484.23. | 

G. states that τλάω with the ptc. means to “endure (some- 
thing now going on or already done)’’; and with the inf., to 
“have the courage, or venture, (to do something not yet done).” 
K. makes a distinction equivalent to that of G.—The distinction 
holds for the 2 passages in which the verb is found in Hdt., 


50 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


except that the action that is to be endured (in 5.56.5, where the 
Ss. p. is used) is neither “‘going on or already done.” But this 


is due chiefly to the fact that the whole action is in the future, _ 


the main verb being an imperative: 5.56.5, Τληῆθι λέων ἄτλητα 
παθὼν τετληότι θυμῷ, ““Endure as a lion to bear unendurable woe 
with enduring heart.”’ 

Neither passage is part of Hdt.’s direct history, but each is 
part of an oracle quoted. 

tpoxatw: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 9.66.16—G M T. 895. Κ΄. 482.10. 

This verb is not mentioned by G. or by K. as one followed by 
as, p. But in the passage cited the ptc. may be considered as 
containing “‘the leading idea of the expression,” like the 5. p. ~ 
with otxouat.—9.66.16, ἀλλὰ τὴν ταχίστην ἐτρόχαζε φεύγων οὔτε és 
τὸ ξύλινον τεῖχος οὔτε ἐς τὸ Θηβαίων τεῖχος ἀλλ᾽ ἐς Φωκέας: He- 
fled, running as fast as he could. 

_tvyxavw: Withs. p. in 91 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., (91), 


PS 2.159.8 Oe 7. 38.10 8.102.3 
1. 29.5 2.162.14 5. 30.5 1-58.12 8.114.13 
1. 35.16 2.168.5 5. 30.9 7. 61.16 8.137.25 
1. 38.8 3. 14.45 Aas Ὁ Be | 7.102.17 8.142.24 
1. 47.5 322390 5. 33.8 7.104.6 8.144.18 
1. 59.11 3. 69.14 5. 44.5 7.109.12 9. 12.10 
1. 59.12 BABA Sk 7.151.3 ΟΕ 
1. 68.9 3. 84,12 5. 86.4 7.167.8 9. 42.18 
1. 88.7 3.118.7 62 OA? 7.194.1 9. 49.13 
1.142.3 3.121.4 6. 28.10 7.205.11 9. 63.1 
1.149.7 3.121.9 6. 41.9 7.208.11 9. 64.7 
1.176.13 3.122.24 6. 61.12 7.224.2 9. 76.18 
1.191.29 4. 41.7 6. 65.21 7.225.14 9. 76.20 
1.202.27 4. 61.5 6. 74.13 8. 65.5 9. 98.14 
ea eo | 4. 76.14 6. 89.1 8. 68.4.5 9. 98.20 
2.121.8.2 4.127.10 See 30, 8. 75.12 9.106.22 
2.135.14 4,144.5 7. 26.13 8. 87.9 9,107.22 
2.151.9 4,181.14 7. 38.5 8. 96.3 9.111.16 
2.155.10 


—G M T. 887. 


K. 482.15. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 51 


In each passage τυγχάνω has its regular meaning with the 
5. p.,—‘‘happen (to do something).”’ 

ὑπάρχω: Withs. p. in 6 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With, $6 pe. 1192.22, °9.103:55:'6.1335:3; 7.8.8:10; 7.144.13; 
9.78.10; (total 6).—G M T. 879. K. 482.6. 

In 4 passages ὑπάρχω with the 5. p. means “be first (to do 
something)”: 5.103.5; 6.133.3; 7.8.8.10; 9.78.10. In 1.192.22 it 
means only ‘‘happen”’ (to be), and in 7.144.13 is equivalent to εἰμὶ. 

ὑπομένω: With 5. p. in 5 passages, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 6.33.8; 6.40.7; 7.101.8; 7.101.12; 7.120.10.—G M 
T. 879; 880; 903.2. K. 482.5; 484.23. 

G. and K. offer the same distinction of meaning for ὑπομένω 
with the 5. p. and with the inf. as for τλάω (q. ν.). With 4 of the 
5. 5. ps., ὑπομένω means “await”? or “withstand” (an attack 
about to be made). This meaning is somewhat different from 
that suggested by G., inasmuch as the action endured is in the 
immediate future rather than in the present. In 7.101.8 the 
meaning of ὑπομένω with the 5. p. seems to be “venture to,’— 
a meaning which usually requires the use of the infinitive: νῦν 
ὧν μοι τόδε φράσον, εἰ Ἕλληνες ὑπομένουσι χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ἀνταειρόμενοι, 
“Will venture to lift their hands against me.” A slight variation 
of the same idea occurs in 7.209.17, where the ptc. is circumstantial: 
- ἔστι οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἔθνος ἀνθρώπων τὸ σέ, βασιλεῦ, ὑπομενέει χεῖρας ἀνταει- 
ρόμενον, “111 withstand you, lifting their hands against νοι." 

φαίνω: With 5. p. in 58 passages. With inf. in 26. The in- 
finitives and all except 11 of the ptcs. are in ind. disc. 

With s. p., (58): 


1. 60.22 2.131.12 4. 68.10 7.154.13 8.120.2 
1.93.11 2.148.7 4. 97.10 7.166.8 8.134.1 . 
2. 58.4 3. 35.6 5. 9.4 {.11.} 8.142.14 
2. 79.9 3. 69.10 6... 9.15 7.173.21 9. 18.14 
2, 90.3 3. 82.22 6. 52.29 7.174.6 9. 25. 
9.3. 15 3.116.2 6253.13 7.175.5 9. 65.6 
2.97.2 3.134.7 6. 69.14 8. 25.9 9. 80.8 
2.103.5 3.137.23 6.121.5 8 57.1.11 9285.13 
2.104.1 4. 12.4 6.137.22 8. 94.8 9. 89.17 
2.104.17 4.. 45.23 7. 14.3 8. 94.17 9. 98.9 
2.104.20 4 50.19 7. 18.23 8.101.6 9.100.4. 
~ 2,106.3 4. 53.18 7. 97.9 


52 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


With inf. (26), | | 
1: AAT Or ieee 4.11910 7, 48.5 ΤΠ 


τ ΖΣ 1.174.17 4.134.10 7. 48.7 7.209.3 

| Path at 2. 10.4 4.196.10  7.104.24 7.209.20 

1.120.12 2.134.7 92. 205 7.129.30 7.210.5 

1.142.12 4. 42.5 5.106.9 7137.7 8. 5:9 tas 
9.106.10. 


—G M T. 904; 914.5; 884. K. 482.2; 484.13. 

G. states (914.5) that the s. p. is the usual construction after 
φαίνομαι, but that the inf. is sometimes used; that although in 
some cases the two constructions cannot be distinguished in 
sense, the distinction usually holds that φαίνεται with the 5. Ὁ. 
means ‘‘he is manifestly (doing something),’’ and with the inf. " 
“he seems (to be doing something). K. (484.13) suggests a 
distinction equivalent to this. 

With the 11 5. ps. not in ind. dise., namely, 2.97.2; 2:106.3; 
2.131.12; 4.97.10; 7.166.8; 8.25.9; 8.37.11; 9.80.8; 9.85.13; 9.98.9; 
9.100.4, φαίνομαι means ‘be seen (doing or being). With the 
5. Ὁ. in ind. disc. in 1 passage, 4.68.10, it means “be shown (to 
have done).’’ In these 12 passages the sense of φαίνομαι with 
the s. p. is slightly different from any of the meanings suggested 
by G. or K. In all but 2 of the remaining 46 passages the 
meaning seems to be “plainly (be or do).’’ But in 8 of the 44 
passages the verb may mean ‘“‘seem”’: 2.58.4; 4.12.4; 4.45.23; 
4.53.18; 5.9.4; 7.173.21; 8.94.8; 9.25.8. In 2 other passages the 
meaning seems clearly to be ‘‘seem’’: 2.79.9; 3,137.23. | 


With 17 of the 26’infs., φαίνομαι means “seem.” With 6 it 


appears to mean “‘plainly (be or do)”: 1.27.14; 1.32.23; 1.174.17; 
4.42.5; 5.10.5; 9.106.10. With 3 of the infs. either meaning is 
possible—in 1.51.12; 4.119.10; 4.134.10. | | > 

A point worthy of notice is that in all except 2 passages of 
those in which the inf. occurs with φαίνομαι a dative also is used 
with the verb, representing the person to whom the action 
“seems”? to be in progress. On the other hand, the dative is 
not once used with φαίνομαι when the 5. p. follows. This differ- 
ence makes it probable that Hdt. had greater regard for the 
_general difference in meaning of the two constructions than 
would seem to be the case from an examination of the sense of 


the context in each instance, upon which the statistics already 


given were based. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 53 


᾿ φανερὸς oe γίγνομαι | With s. p. in 7 passages, in ind. disc. 
εἰμι 

- With s. p., after φανερὸς γίγνομαι, 8.132.18; after φανερός εἰμι, 
3.26.4; 4.12.6; 4.45.1; 5.56.7; 7.18.24; 7.221.6; ἐξ οὐτ γ,.- --ΟΜΊΈΤ. 
907. K. 482.2. 
τς The personal construction occurs in each of the 7 passages. 
φανερὸς γίγνομαι with the 5. p. means “it becomes evident that...” 
The meaning of φανερός εἰμι with the 5. p. is “it is evident that...’’ 

φέρω βαρέως: With 5. p. in 1 passage, not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 3.155.1—G M T. 881. Κ 482.3. 

The phrase is used in the sense of “be greatly grieved” (at 
seeing, ἰδών). 

φθάνω: With 5. p. in 12 passages. With reversed construc- 
tion in 3. The ptcs. are not in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 3.78.6; 4.136.11; 6.65.9; 6.70.6; 6.91.5; 6.108.12; 
6.115.5; 6.116.3; 7.162.4; 7.188.13; 9.70.3; 9.113.8; (total 12). 
With reversed construction, 3.71.23; 7.161.1; 9.46.18—G M T. 
887; 893; 894. K. 482.15.d and note 12. 

There is apparently no difference in meaning between the 
regular and the reversed construction with φθάνω in Hdt. The 
meaning in all passages except one is “‘anticipate’’ (someone in 
doing something). In 7.162.4 the meaning is (with οὐκ ἄν), 
“Vou would not act too soon” (in doing something). 

φθονέω: With 5. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 1. With 
articular inf. in 1. None of the constructions is in ind. disc. 

With s. p., 7.236.5; 7.237.7. With inf., 8.109.13. With ar- 
ticular inf., 7.237.7.—G M T. 881. K. 482.3; 475.note 2. 

Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb specifically as followed 
by the s. p., and neither suggests any distinction of meaning, 
therefore, between its use with the s. p. and with the inf. In 
Hdt., φθονέω with as. p.in the dative means ‘“‘envy.”’ With the 
simple inf. it means ‘‘refuse to allow, through envy.’ With the 
genitive of the articular infinitive (as with a noun in the geni- 
tive) the meaning is ‘‘envy,’’ and the genitive denotes the ground 
of the envy felt, as does the s. p. in agreement with the dative 
when this construction is used. - Between the use of the simple 
inf. and that of the 5. p. with φθονέω there is also this difference, 
that the inf. denotes an act not yet begun, whereas the s. p. de- 
notes an act already in progress (or a state actually existing). 


54 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


φράζω: With 5. p. in 2 passages. With inf. in 2. Of these, 
one of the infs. is in ind. disc. 

With 5. p., 7.46.4; 9.107.13. -W. inf., 3.154.7; 4.113.8—G M ~ 
T. 884. K. 484.note 2; 475.note 2. : 

With the 5. p. φράζω (middle or passive) means “observe.” 
With the inf. the meaning is ‘‘believe” in 3.154.7, and the inf. 
is in ind. disc. In 4.113.8 the verb means “‘bid”’ and is followed 
by the object inf. The active of φράζω is used in this passage. 
In 3.154.7 the middle is used, as with the 5. ps.—The difference 
between the meaning of the two constructions is not specifically — 
mentioned by G. or by K. 1n the case of this verb. 

φυλάττω: With 5. p. 6 times. With inf. 3. These are not in 
ind. disc. | ; 

With s. p., 1.150.3; 5.12.7; 5.41.10; 5.104.9; 8.9.7; 9.110.5.— 
GM T. 884. K. 514.note 7; 553.g.; (cf. 482.1 and 482.5).. 

Neither G. nor K. mentions this verb as one sometimes fol- — 
lowed by ἃ 5. p., nor does either mention a class of verbs in which 
this would properly belong. But the ptc. with this verb seems 
quite clearly sup. : 

With thes. p. φυλάττω means “watch for (an event to hap-_ 
pen).’’ With the inf. the meaning is “take care (to do or not to 
do something).” E. g., 5.104.9, μὲν φυλάξας ἐξελθόντα, “ Having 
watched for him to come forth.” With the inf., 1.108.19, φυλ- ~ 
ασσόμεθα.. μηδὲν ἐξαμαρτεῖν, ‘‘We shall take care to commit no 
offence.” | 


‘ 


CHAPTER III 
SUMMARY TABLES AND CONCLUSION 


The first table contains a list of all verbs included in Chapter 
II; the number of times each verb is followed by the different 
constructions—supplementary participle, infinitive, and clause; 
also the general meaning expressed by the verb in Herodotus. 
The participles and infinitives are each designated as “‘in indirect 
discourse’’ or as “ποῦ in indirect discourse.”’ 


TABLE I. Summary of all Verbs 


With With | 
8: p. inf. 

VERB. J 3 : MEANING. 
ΕΒ [ἢ 
Slazlalsizleleleé 

AYYEANW. τ... οὕἍὃὕ{... εις ἢ ΤΟΝ Ὁ ΤΕΣ 112. 5 | announce_ 
aicPavoua.......| 11]. Ree hy aes o. 1 | perceive 
Bi KUOUOL ed Noh ΤΣ . «| 1} 1 |. .) 1] be ashamed 
ποι τ | 2 10 12 [12 |.....12 3 |27 | hear 
σι τοῖν SY AD es ΕΣ: 11 | be detected 
. aveuvplokw........ | bias Ales Ve 8 Wit Dee ae aoe 2 | find out 
GQVEXW.. 22... ΣΕΥ at ι τὶ ἊΣ ΑἹ ταν 8 | endure; venture 
avinut...... lf 34131..13 13k 161 cease: permit 
eee ee YE i 20 sees aes! eee eae 4 | hold out 
“QUTLXPaW......... ἜΝ Sn BS ae ened ae ee 1 | hold out 
ἀπαγγέλλω. ...... Lhe. Sb bi * 1 | 2) 4 | announce 
ἀπανίστημι. ..... ho. DG Ss Be eee ee 1 | cease 
ἀποδείκνυμι. ...... 12. 12) 1 5. 6} 2 |20 | show; show how; appoint 
. ἀποκρίνω......... as Be i seed tae νι ...| 1 | (mid.) be distinguished 
ἀποκρούω. ........ ἜΡΟΝ ΝΕ ΝΕ Χο Ree πο ΘΡ 1. repel 
 amodelrw........ 1... μα ταν ὅς bee | es τὸς Me eee 3 | cease; fail to; fall short of 
ἀποφαίνω. .-..ς 5.1.1 5: base en 1 | 6 | declare; demonstrate 
Bmx paw. 2) τ τ ἢ) SB }} (ie ey See 10 | be sufficient; be content 
ae ee τὰς Sal foo 8 | 8 }.....)15 | be first; begin 
ἀσχάλλω ....... on aay ee Bee) a oe BG 2 | be vexed 
ἀφικνέομαι.. ..... ΞΕ 2) Ges at Seen Fa eae πὸ 2 | arrive 


᾿ ay ΣΝ 
3 ΝΣ 
56 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS ¥ ee Ve 
TABLE I.—Continued a5 
With With cage 
ros inf. ae 
VERB. < < ὃ MEANING. - ἘΝ 
«3 93 «ἧς — 
a) | Shs) es Ses al 
8.2} 8} 5} 2} 8 ἘΠῈ ΤΣ 
DOPE. δ, ΕΣ hie Ε ΤΩ ὧν ἐν Bae 1 | see pe 
ἄχθομαι. τον, oe 17} hehe Ae 1 | be vexed ec 
γιγνώσκω. ....... Sti 8.44 89 |25 | perceive; judge; determine = 
YPODO oe olee se spree: Be Bp ba Wee, et ears | 1.| represent ἣν 
δέχομαι... Re τα τὶ λων ΠΣ Sac .| 2 | await, withstand 
δηλός (εἰμι este. Ke PA Se ἘΠ Bee 8 | 9 | (be) clear (that), ete. 
ONNOO Ss Τρ en eee 4 |... @S5 danas 10 14 | demonstrate eat ie 
TY 7 aN ag Par Ee Be Sh leer sen tate! Je 2 1 | continue Ἧ 
διαδείκνυμι..... τὲ eee “8 ae bates for 2 | 4 | show- ee 
bvaTeNw.. τὶ es chases 15 950 eae eee 15 | continue τῇ 
QUEL eb 5 ss ΣᾺΣ ΘΉΣΩ: Ra Da foal pee AICS cack! re ‘1 | go through, continue _ s 
διεξέρχομαι.......}..... ὌΝ ρα is boas 5 | go through with; do in succession = 
fil. ΞΟ ΠΑ ΣΟ es 4 1. ese ree re eas 4 | go, come, be about to : 
ἐκμανθάνω.᾽.. ..... 1 τὺ as: ee ea 3 | 4 | learn : 
expaivw.......... 1. 0195 Le ge πρὸς 1 | show forth 3 
EXUDE 1. i Nese Haas 8 oes ee 1 | cease 3 
EVOPAW........... 4 |... 41 1 Kad Ae 4 | see 
ἐντυγχάνω... .. ... je 1 i, ne By meee SS 1 | find 
EEQVVEAAW. τς: fee fee 1 |......| 1 | 1 | 2 | announce 
- ἐξεπίσταμαι. ..... 8 Lisa 1|1|3)/5 | know; know how ; ἧς 
ἔπαγγέλλω...... A | eee Bia Abed Ne 3 | announce = 
ἐπάϊστος yiyvopar.| 3 |...... i aa a ΟΣ ταὶ BS 3 | become known ; 
ἐπαισχύνομαι.. .. .".-.... Pack boeads ἘΠῚ ΕΣ 1. be ashamed : 
CNEIYO νι ἐς aa. ΠΤ Bt SSD Bet Ate 3 | hasten 
ἐπιδείκνυμι........ Se eg 1. ee ees er a P 1 | demonstrate ee 
ἐπίληπτός εἶμι... ."...... δὰ δὰ [Ὁ eas ὅν ὁ ΠΟ ΤΡ ΕΗ 1 | be detected a ie 
ἐπίσταμαι. ....... ΤΟ ΤΟΣ 10 15. 8 23 22 |55 | know; believe; know how 3. 
ἐπιτρεπτέον ἐστί... 1..--. i fe Ἐπ 32 eee Cod Bee -- | 1 | permit τ 
ἐπιτυχανῶ. ΤΟΣ, Re tee λὲ ae Noa Be, Brae 2 | happen S 
Bika. Fi POS ot bas 1 ak OF Gis RARE ME νοῶν, 1 | repel = 
ἔρχαϊαι. εἰς απ as 13. ΠῚ as Biren eons ee 13 | be about to τ : " 
EUPiOKW........-. 23 122 4514/1115 |... 50 | find; learn how; judge; obtain 
ἐφευρίσκω. .. .....].....Ψ. 1B πὸ ae aA oc 09. 1 | detect εἶ 
ἐμορόῦ τ τὴν ἘΔ ΧΩ js ἃ ip Seated ΠΣ oe Bee ὅδε τ 2 | see, look upon Ξ: 
ἔχω GOnv.... 2... when ἰδ ον Ὁ ee Ba? ee Es 1 | be satisfied : 
Hooter. is. Se hess, BFS egestas ak 8 | be pleased Α 
ἥκω. ΑἿΣ So = ob Pees ea ' Pome Ate 4 | arrive 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


TABLE I.—Continued 


VERB. MEANING. 


Total. 
Ini. d 
With clause. / 


OO 2 τ are Ἐν, fey i aes Pe a EN 2 | be surprised 
ΠΝ τ΄ ire 4 tame a Sak aS Ss Cool en Fee 4 | look upon 
CKAVOS €iflL.. 2.22. fee ig es a ae re See 2 | be sufficient; be able 
᾿καθηγέομαι.. 2... of. RE Se era eR ἐκ ΤῊΝ 1 | be first 

Kafopaw...... sass A > A Se ΚΘ aes Caer 2 | look upon, see 

Be oes sc bien. St ome ΟὟ RUSE ried nga eve 1. be weary 

κασαραίνω-.. «πος a Be “a ram Boat εἰσ pee 4 | come to do, end by doing 
καταδείκνυμι....... i wees Pi: be τα 2 | prove; show how 
 KaradapBarw.....|...... Sd oe τ 16 |16 |.. ... 25 | stop; find; happen 
“καταμανθάνω... «..1.1]}:--..Ψ Biksavitee BSc. 1 | discover 

MAT UPKER 2 22.24. 51s... SS See Fore ee . .| 1 | suffice 

Weraeaie, >. ΡΣ Ce rae 4 |....... 4 | (mid.) seem 

καταφράζω. ......1.... | ge et eae Pitas RRS es 1 | perceive 

 KATNNOY EW... 2... fen. 1B, ae 1S Re A oe oo eee 1 | neglect 

WOMDOVO 2. ss oh, ya iy Π ke ee nD 7 | find 

AavOave.. 6.0... ef PA od ἘΣ {11 | escape notice 

λιπαρέω..... Spa, ΤΡ ste ie ΜΕΝ eg ΨΕΤΕ 3 | persist 

λογίζομαι. ....... i aE aS. x Rae 5 |...) 6 | consider 

μανθάνω... -: 35} 1 136 |... 3 | 3 |19 |58 | learn; learn how; perceive 
aie προ ὡς Bee Poe T ss: ES aoe 2 | await; wait for 

μεταμέλομαι.. .... ..... ΘΙ νον νήσοις 5 | repent 

αν, ποτ se bite (BY CSS as Paes ee 1 | report 
eS a ae ae 1 | 1 64 | 2 (66 !.... 67 | consider; think; be accustomed 
| Eee Tee dt Si ED Seek Ἐν τε: 1 | see 
Mee ee. 129 I... 29 | 1{11| 2) 7 |38 | know; know how 
GUND Ae ... |: OES Sg OR A pees ee ee 37 | go 

pF ie Oh ake Coa τς 35. |139/174....... ae Sa ΤΕ 5 |179| see; realize 
παντοῖος γίγνομαι. ...... 1.00 Cw A eas Soe Bae 3 | exert one’s self 
ραν: age ae ae ee ee Sect) iF ank Noe see 2 1 eee 19 | stop; prevent - 
Raph: τ  --Ἐ3 15.15.....32 [32 [2.147 | try 

Mee ee Poa SE eset 1 | mourn 

περιὴήμεκτέω.... ......... Boies ὃς Neg ee ἐὰν πυτι 1 | be aggrieved 

WEPLOPAW... 2... 1. 1010 |... 6 | 6 |......16 | permit 

πλήρης €ifti...... «|... Li Sg 9 te, τὸς τς ea ha 1 | be satisfied 

πολὺς ἔγκειμαι... . ...... ἘΣ os ee 1 | be urgent 

WONUS €iftt. . 22... fe ἜΣ tier ee “emt oe 2 | be earnest 
mpoBaivw....... hen. py Se Sh Re goad aes Peer 2 | proceed to 


“΄ 


58 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


TABLE I.—Continued 


Bit Peete 
ee 


With With 
gs; inf. 
VERB. “ἢ ic 8 MEANING. 
ΜΡ a 8 
S| £lal Sl Slalalg 
S\2te|sl2Zielel e 
mpomuvOavopar....| 1......1.1......μ.ς gene ΣΤ hear 
mpoodéxopftar......) 1 |... 1 5 ae 5 |11] 7 | expect 
προσδόκιμός εἰμι... 1 |...... ἄν ion RR ΑΕ eo 1 | be expected 
πυνθάνομαι. ......35. 5 |40 140 |......'40 15 | 95 | hear; hear of; learn 
συγγιγνώσκω-.... 1}...1π0 |... 10 |...... 11 | be aware; become aware; admit — 
συγκύρξω.. :..:. τις ἐς ας τὰ ἮΝ δι Aas 2 | happen τ 
oveBaivw... 26.0. sen Bish Hees 5. og ee 6 | happen a 
συ τῶ ΣΉ GE) Bee Sh Bee ae de ST 8 | happen 
TupPepw..... 2... 6. As tas 2 21... ἘΣ 22 | happen 
συνάχθομαι..... .. .1..... 1 See Boeck gk Se 1 | sympathize with 
συνεκπίπτω. ..... .1..... Be tae eh ee τ. 1 | ΤΗΣ ον 2 | happen to agree 
UV EA ME oo ἘΣ; pe eee τ κυ τα 1 | 3: φοπηρτθποηά.᾿ 
δυνοεδα ΤΙΝ ΣΗΣ NDA es ee ΓΕ cae aa Ξ 3 3 | know; be conscious 
TENEUTAW. 2 chee 5 aa ah ss Diem καὶ ἢ ee eee 2 | cease; finish 
λύτο ς armen, Be 14-25 1 | 1 eee 2 | endure; venture 
ἜΘ αὐ ττῷὦ»ἢ-. SASS: 12) Pe aa 1 |} run — 
FUYXOVW.. eo Nee 910A se den Rit 91 | happen » 
ὑπάρκω 5 ΠΣ 6.35 ΠΕΣ See Bre 6 | be first; happen; be 
Propevey se τς eee Sot Base Bs 5 | withstand; venture 
gale FS 41 111 [58 |26 |.....126 ]..΄. 84 | clearly (do); seem (mid.) 
φανερὸς [ hes ahd Be he Tedeies | iad ...1 7 | become or be evident 
φέρω βαρέως. Sate Pe ἘΞ Ms eae fear | ee "ὅς 1 | be greatly grieved 
GOONS. FS 12-12 Fe ΒΟΥ τ τ anticipate 
ore Se Ae 2 De 2 33 4 | envy; begrudge 
SPO ΔΑ 21°24 0 WE Aes 4 | observe; believe; bid 
φυλάττω. ἜΣ 66h. BOMBA ΜΞ 9 | watch for; take care to 
Total, 121 verbs .!2891584/873!195 147 342 11611331 


From Table I it is seen that with a total of 121 verbs Herod- 
otus uses the supplementary participle 873 times; the infinitive, 
342; a finite clause, 116. Of the participles, 289 are, and 584. 
are not, in indirect discourse; the proportion being therefore 
about as 1:2. Of the infinitives, 195 are, and 147 are not, in 
indirect discourse. The proportion is therefore about as 4:3. 


- 


- 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 59 


To express indirect discourse the participle is used about one and 
one-half times as often as the infinitive after these 121 verbs, 
namely 289 times, to 195 for the infinitive. The participle not 
in indirect discourse is used nearly four times as frequently as 
the object infinitive—584 to 147. 

The arithmetical results obtained by such a summary as that 
presented in Table I are however of much less importance than 
the facts obtained regarding the usage of each individual verb, 
recorded in Chapter II. The infinitive of indirect discourse, for 
example, is used by Herodotus after many verbs not-included in 
Table I. The ratio mentioned above as existing between the use 
of the participle and that of the infinitive to express indirect dis- 
course after the 121 verbs of Table I, affords no indication of 
the relative frequency of occurrence of the various constructions 
of indirect discourse with all verbs used by Herodotus. For the 
121 verbs given, however, the totals are of some value... And the _ 
general conclusion is apparent, that after those verbs with which 
the supplementary participle is used at all, this is the construc- . 
tion employed in nearly two-thirds of all the passages in which 
the verbs are followed by any one of the three constructions— 
participle, infinitive, or finite clause. 

The six following tables present a recapitulation by classes 


of the verbs included in Table I. The classification follows in 


part that made by Kthner, §482; is to some extent based upon. 
that of Goodwin, G M T. §§878-919; and in part is the result 
of combining classes or portions of classes suggested by one or 
the other of these grammarians. The classification is based pri- 
marily upon the meaning of the verbs. But it will be observed 
that certain classes contain verbs of quite different—although 
usually of related—meaning (6. g. Class 4, Table 5; cf. G M T. 
879); while certain verbs which are placed in a particular division 
differ but little in meaning from other verbs that are otherwise 
classified. This is due chiefly to the difficulty of making a sharp 
distinction between verbs of similar meaning; but in part also to the 
fact that certain verbs are used with two or more different meanings 
by Herodotus, and could therefore be placed in either of two classes. 
It is believed however that the classification offered is sufficiently 
definite te exhibit the extent to which each of the different con- 
structions is employed by Herodotus after verbs of like signification. 


60 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 
In the case of each class, reference is made to the correspond- 
ing classes of Goodwin and of Kthner. πράτ τς 
Class 1, Table II: Chiefly verbs denoting a mental or sense Ὁ 
perception: namely, verbs meaning “hear, see, be seen, watch 
for, find, detect, learn, comprehend, consider, realize, know.’”’— : 
G M T. 883; 884; 904; 907; 910: 919. K. 482.1. . 
TABLE II. Class 1 
With With = 
S. p. inf. 
VERB. Ξ- =| ὃ MEANING. 4 
τ g ajo Ἔ ἘΝ 3 ae 
“ἢ -- ἔν} “τὰ » s a be! 
Sizlels|2/elele = 
αἰσθάνομαι. .".....} 1 |... fe Pe er ἘΠ ey 1 | perceive 
OKOU 2 sites 2 |10 12 {12 |......)12 | 3 127 | bear 
ἁλίσκομαᾶι..: Ὁ 6. ee Η ΗΠ ices Sees er face 11 | be detected 
aveupiokw.... Ee Wapea Pa es ed A Me HSM 2 | find out 
AMopdw. .. 2... ee ας Regie sep Woe fa Ὁ Ὲ 1 | see 
γιγνώσκω. ... NOB goa 8144 8,9 |25 | perceive; judge; determine 
ἐκμανθάνω.... ee eee | Se ei a ce Ss 3 | 4 | learn a 
ἐνοῤδώ 560s. wD, 4A i eR eS tase 4 | see 
ἐντυγχάνω. .... hes ee @ bee Oe es ον 1 | find 
ἐξεπίσταμαι. ..... i 1 Nae 1}11{3 15 | know; know how 
ἐπάϊστος γίγνομαι. 3... 8 lorthiac tec ado τὶ 3 | become known 
ἐπίληπτός εἰμι. ... ..... Be Be δὶ τ θεν ΨῈ A BY 1. be detected 
émloTapial. ....... [0.10 15 | 8 23 22 [55 know; believe; know how 
€UPiOKW... 2.22... 23 |22 4514] 145 |... 50 | find; learn how; judge; obtain 
ἐφευρίσκω. ......«..} AB (Gy Ce μεῖς mC AT 3 μον 1 | detect 
hops £0 Ses Aa fe eet en re ret | 2 | see; look upon 
Dela Met 5. ners 4) 41S duces 4 | look upon 
RODODOR να se Ame Pe ee SE Paws Sint Joe DATS 2 | look upon; see 
καταλαμβάνω..... ."...... σι. ea He 16 [16 |. ... 25 | stop; find; happen : 
καταμανθάνω....... BN os OS al πόα nk ΛΟ αι οτέκε 1 | discover ¢ 
KATAPPALW. 2... he ΤᾺ Ge a Stn Ben Rae Cees 1 | perceive 
KQTNNOYEW. ....« «νὸς ἘΠΕ ec ell bn oar, Be 1 | think of little account, neglect 
NapBdvw.........). 1: ΠΣ βάν Cart 7 | find Ἐκ 
Noy ifofar. ....... Δ ae ΤῈ 5, ee ee κυ 6 | consider 
μανθάνω. ......... 35.12 eon. 3 | 3 [19 [58 | learn; learn how; perceive 
VOM Ae lo es t | 1 164 | 2 (66 |..... 67 | consider; think; be accustomed 
ματι FIO NE Be Naa ee ae oe ae 1 | see 4 3 
DION ΕΣ ee ΟῚ 2901.1 217 |38 | know; know how 
WOM cis oh es ee 35 .139|174]............. |.....| 5.119] see; realize 


: SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 61 


TABLE _II.—Continued 


With With 
Ss. p. inf. 
VERB. : τῷ “a ὃ MEANING. 
πὸ Ἢ ; | 3 ; Ὁ ; 
ate! Sie} e1 3), 3l3 
S|2z\&|/8|2\e\el\e 
προπυνθάνομαι.....} 1 |...... ἐμ A Wie ba al 1 | hear 
᾿ προσδέχομαι. ..... χη τς CP δύ: 5..[1. 7] expect 
προσδόκιμός ἐστι. .| 1... RAS? τῷ δ Cee ES 1 | be expected 
πυνθάνομαι... ..... 35. 5 40 400 |.......40 15. 95 hear; hear of; learn 
" συγγιγνώσκω:..... Ven. ΤΉ θ᾽ ττς 1 11 | be aware; become aware; admit 
7 ee aa τ 5 i πος ἐλ MN oho ....| 1-| 3 | comprehend 
GUPOW RN πρτν τ τ ΤῊΝ Bes το ξΑσ τ ἐδ κα Pox. kas 3 | know; be conscious - 
DPA so 2. boasiacd Pacers A es me SR iy ee 4 | observe; believe; bid 
@vAGTTM....» er & HG OE hig. Jan a Rg ἜΡῚ 9 | watch for; take care to 
᾿ Total, 38 verbs . .|200228/428/16 1140 1201/88 |717 


It is evident from Table II that the verbs of Class 1 are fol- 
lowed by the supplementary: participle in more than twice as 
many passages as by the infinitive—428 to 201. Of the parti- 

- ciples, somewhat less than half are in indirect discourse,—200 to 
228. —and of the infinitives four-fifths are in indirect discourse. 
More participles than infinitives, however, are used to express - 
indirect discourse—200 to 161.—Herodotus uses 38 verbs of this 
class. 


62 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


Class 2, Table III. Verbs having the general signification 
“to impart information”: namely, verbs meaning ‘‘announce, 


declare, represent, show, seem, clearly be.’—G M T. 883; 904: + δ 


907; 912; 914. Κ. 482.2. 


TABLE III. Class 2 


With With 
$s. D inf. 
VERB. = a} : MEANING. 
Ὄ Ἑ Ὁ Ὁ Ἢ τὸ Ὁ = 
as | 8 bg ΤΕΣ Be |S 
ΞΖ] 6.55 6 ἘὴῈ 
ἀγγέλλω. .......; B28 2/1). {1125 | announce 
ἀπαγγέλλω... .... tie. Bs OS ee ie eo “1 | 2 | 4 | announce an 
QAMTOOELKVUJIL....... ΤΟΝ Se 1. 1} 5 | 6 2 |20 | show; show how; appoint 
GmoKpivw......... | Bee Ee ode eee Set πῶς ὁ 1 | (mid.) be distinguished 
amopaivw........) 5 jou. St ek aa Ά ΩΝ 1 | 6 | declare; demonstrate 
pds = 6 se Test ie eee 1 | represent 
δηλός (εἰμι, etc.)..| 1 |... A ered ae es 8 | 9 | (be) clear (that), ete. 
PR i is oes a Wo PS) eras ye Bie 10 14, demonstrate 
διαδείκνυμι. ἄς δῖ: 2, hy Sins, ἘΞ 24 show Ν 
Expaivw.......... ἜΣ Bee ia I Ne RE aS Sc 1 | show forth 
ἐξαγγέλλω. -.-... τ ες Pies 1 | 1 | 2 | announce 
ἐπαγγέλλω. .. .... Sie ἘΠ Pood ΕΝ 3 | announce 
ἐπιδείκνυμι........ Bl es IE acs Bere pd Ron 1 | demonstrate ; 
καταδείκνυμι.......} 1 |... i aes BB ae eas 2 | prove; show how 
RAT Ode le 5. Fe Te Ae τὰ ra Wee ἌΣ ee 4 | (mid.) seem 
PVE 550 FS ie Sees ee Ray Neer bee te 1 | report 3 
DOS es 47 |11 [58 126 |...... Sn Ae 84 | (mid.) clearly (do); seem 
φανερὸς 
γίγνομαι, εἰμι... 1... 7 one ΣΟῪ 7 | become or be evident > 
Total, 18 verbs. .|89 112 |101)34 | 6 40 28 169 


From Table III it is seen that after the 18 verbs of Class 2 ~ 


the participle is used in 101 passages and the infinitive in 40. 
Nearly nine-tenths of the participles and seven-eighths of the 
infinitives are in indirect discourse. The ratio of participles in 
indirect discourse to infinitives in indirect discourse is about 8:3. 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 63 


Class 3, Table IV. Verbs denoting a state of the feelings: 
namely, verbs signifying “ὍΘ ashamed, vexed, satisfied, pleased, 
surprised, weary, grieved; repent, mourn, envy.’—G M T. 881; 
900. K. 482.3; 482.4. 


TABLE IV. Class 3 


With With 
5. Ὁ inf. 
VERB. Ἢ τῷ g MEANING. 
ome ont & 

=le/s/=/sl else 

ΞΡ ΖΞ, ΘΈΞΙ ΖΦ [Ἐξ 
πόλον Ἐπ bases. ἀκα be 1. be ashamed 
ϑυνάλλω..,.:. 12. OTe 3 Bites ee EOS ΟΡ 2 | be vexed 
πόμα πο Alice: Gl as Oy SRD baer eee Been 1 | be vexed 
ἐπαισχύνομαι.. ... Se τὸ Ὁ Fat ἘΌΝ Rel 1 | be ashamed 
EXO) GONP. τ πάν ἐν ἐκ Us hee Fea ae 1.| be satisfied 
Oy RTE Sere ral SS va ae ee 8 | be pleased 
Gappdtor 2.2... he. DS FESS Re gid ets 2 | be surprised 
κα ἐν τούς Ret, whe δ Si Be Siren Ras cee ees 1 | be weary 
μεταμέλομαι...... ἘΠ es ae ee Pa eae ee 5 | repent 
παθέειν 1... ae OY Peres NRA RS δ 1 | mourn 
ποθῶ, oo. ch. Vd ea 1 | be aggrieved 
πλήρης εἰμί: Ὡς 1 ἀπ eS read RES Ree, 55 Ξ 1 | be satisfied ~ 
συνάχθομαι. ..... hy Ses a GF eee lee ieee ...{ 1 | sympathize with 
φέρω βαρέως... .).... | Es ἐκ fa Ra ee . .f. .| 1 | be greatly grieved 
POovew.. 2.2.0.2. A... Bi BS a pe A Dui fe ae 4 | envy; begrudge 

yah te 31 


Total, 15 verbs. .}...... 28 |28 |...... So 


It is evident from Table IV that of the 15 verbs of Class 3 
only 2 are followed by the infinitive.. None of the constructions 
15 in indirect discourse. 

Class 4, Table V. Verbs meaning ‘‘begin, continue, endure, 
suffice, venture, persist, be earnest, hasten, try, cease, stop, repel, 
await, permit.’—G M T. 879; 880; 885; 896; 899. K. 482.4. 
482.5; 482.6; 482.8.—It will be noticed that although the verbs 
of this class are apparently of various signification, all have to 
do with one’s interest or part in some action,—i. e., in general, 
with beginning an action, continuing or interfering with it, etc. 


64 
TABLE Vv. Class . 
With With . ie 
ει δι ἢ its = 
VERB. -- ὍΣ ὃ MEANING. 
ot «αι 3 
7 5..ΞῚ ΕἸ ΞΕ ΣΤ ele alo = 
ἀμεχως τς Ὁ. ee Del at sibs te Ἀπ + 8 | endure; venture 
ἀνίημι. Bre Se a SS oee 3 | 3 |.....] 6 | cease; permit - 
GUTEXO . 2.5. tai’ ον αἰ ΘΑ ΟΕ ΚΤΕΣ ναι 4 | hold out . 
 AVTUXPAW.. ΣῚΡ ΨΩ ΡΣ παν toon ie Ι ΤῈ πὶ 1 | hold out 
ἀπανίστημι. ...... can Lp Bepintiot bees 2} cease “τ 
ἀποκρούω....: 1: τα; 1. μά Δ  ΕΥΘΟΘΕ, 
ἀπολείπω. ........}... ΧΙ Σ Bib bal ee Gil ene 3 | cease; fail to; fall ἜΣ 
ἀποχράως........ . eee ges Grae [ae ty Sh fee 10 | be sufficient; be conten 
WOX@. ἘΣ 4. Rakes 7 Tt ap BA -Sak ae 15 | be first; begin ὁ. πος 
δέχομαι. . 2.6... sf woes A Be ἂν Reed Wee ρος 2 | awaits wHbstany 
CUYD 002 34s eb 18 lc eee ters 1 | continue 
SuaTENeW. o>. ee se fees 15-195 eros 15 | continue 
Oreberpe 6. shu eon 1 4 Var per 1 | go ΠΡ ἃ continue Ὁ 
διεξέρχομαι. ......1...... 5. Oe eis .|...| 5 | go through with; do ae 
EM MEG es Foi cha Sl ed Eee: ὅς Ἐς bes a Laceases ξ ae es. 
ἐπείγω, oo. Ὁ. τι tft ΟΣ ea ie 1} 4 |.....1 3 | hasten 
Seerpeyiion COTE RAE Bs ΠΕ ΘΙ ἘΣ ΗΣ πη kon 1.) permit 
ἐρύκω. .... ΟΣ ea Cre 5 Fag Pi a, Otte, ete en here 1 | repel 
ikavos Εἰ ες: ον ἐν |e ἘΞ ΟΣ ἘΠΕ See 2 | be sufficient: be able 
Kabnyéopar.....- 2} 14 1 fof. bas Eabaak 1 | be first. 
KQTOPKEW......... ABR ee eis ee Fie setae 
Marapler. 285 dese St 31h seer τ es 3 | persist _ va 
ΠΡ dees def 54. Δ ὃ ΠῚ wait for — 
παντοῖος γίγνομαι.)...1 2) 2}. | 1} 1 |...) 3 | exert one’s self Bae. 
παύω. -.-.... ti Poke. 17 17.1.22. 9 | stop; ‘prevent 2 oa 
πειράω. ent ἐν .1:.7115:15.}. 2 3... ἐδ, xs oer Ἰῷ 
wept’ UE IES ΠΟ ΘΙ BS Peto ernie Ξ 
πολὺς ἔγκειμαι. ...1.... 1. 1.1....... aj... | 1 | be urgent 
πολύς εἰμι... ...... ἔπει ὦ δ ἐὺ δ᾽ το ξος το OMS: 2} be earnest, 
TENEUTOO 5 Fo a ee vag Seo Sims Ee iene Bee a | 2 | cease; finish — m= 
ως ΤΣ τς eS Ἰ Ἐ οτς Ns Be μὰ lee ΠΕ 2 endure; venture 
bTapKXw. ss. ἘΣ vb PR pee eee bias . 6 | be first; happen; oe 
ὑπομένων πὶ αν ef “Ὁ ΕΟ Ee ΠῈΣ Sep ek Sa. & withstand; wee 
Total, 33 verbs. .1....[126126].......65 |65 |...... jag ae Soe pa 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 65 


~ According to Table V, none of the constructions after the 

verbs of Class 4 is in indirect discourse. The supplementary 

- participle is used by Herodotus in nearly twice as many passages 
as the infinitive after these verbs—126 to 65. 

Class 5, Table VI. Verbs meaning “happen, anticipate, es- 

‘cape notice.’ The participle with these verbs usually—but not 


_always—contains the leading idea of the expression—G M T. 
887; 889; 890; 893; 894. K. 482.9; 482.15. 
| TABLE VI. Class 5 
With With 
S. p. inf, 
meee τ ᾿ ᾿ : ; MEANING. 
τῷ Ξ .} πα ro ἢ Ὁ 4 
ἘΣ ΘΝ} τ. ΡΒ 8.5} 3 
Slalel|élzlelele 
ἐπιτυγχάνω.. .΄........ Paria: ΤΣῊ ΤΩΝ 6.8 ΤΣ CF: happen 
NavOdva...... 5... μος ΡΥ eS ae oe Bs ee 11 | escape notice 
OuyKupew.... 2... fee. πὰ ap Om ee Bate ke has 2 | happen’ 
mia wa 5 . ... 20. OS a Oe 5. 5. hos. 6 | happen 
GUPMUNTH... τς fone. NA Ry Oats Fea ba Sal τ. 8 | happen : 
OUPPEPW.. 2.2... fae. ἘΠ ΠΕ. 22 | happen 
συνεκπίπτω. ἜΣ ΣΈ ας tore -¥ Tes en OO Sere Ree toe 2 | happen to agree 
ΡΥ νων. Ὁ... ἐς Se (edn oe ΤῸΝ 91 | happen 
OE aS eae eee ΣΈΟ ΙΒ betes Ree 12 | anticipate 
33: BS ke 156 


- Total, 9 verbs. . .|. ....[123}123}......¢ 


It is apparent from Table VI that the constructions after 


_ verbs of Class 5 are not in indirect discourse; also that the parti- 
ciple is the favorite construction after verbs of this class, the 
- ratio of participles to infinitives standing about 4 to 1. It should 
- be noted, however, that the ratio does not hold for individual 
~ verbs. Three verbs, συμβαίνω, συμπίπτω, and συμφέρω, are used 


participle. 


more frequently by Herodotus with the infinitive than with the 


66 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


Class 6, Table VII. Verbs meaning “come, go, proceed to.”’ 
—G M T. 895. K. 482.10. ΤῊΣ participle contains the leading 
idea of the expression. 


TABLE VII. Class 6 


With With 
5. Ὁ inf. 
VERB, : : ᾧ MEANING. 
ww a ΕΣ] 
ὉΠ St τὰ Oe: Pat aie 
= » ἊΣ - Ὁ ἊΣ a be 
f(Zlelslzlalelé 
ἀφικνέομαι.........} ἐδ δου ΡΟ ΨΥ POR ee 2 | arrive 
DEMS. pen eee oo ed Ee aes 4 | be about to 
ἐῤχορᾶυν, νι Gast ea 13-153 eal ee 13 | be about to 
Ree ag a te Mitte: 4. 1.8 ec eee ote: Beal be 4 | have come 
KataBaivw....... oh... ἢ BB Sc eee ROE S Kee iy 4 | come to do; end by doirg 
Olona. ὁ τιον το, 3. ky ae Bette Sa eee 37 | go 
WpoPaivw........ oh. 2A Το eae 2 | proceed to 
TRANCE OS Ὁ ΕΣ ΣΕ ΕΣ ΑΔΕ ὁ ΠΡ ΠΕ. AA Sib ohsda vas 1 | run 
Total, 8 verbs. : 42167467 clas ahaa, 67 


After verbs of the general meaning ‘“‘come” and ‘‘go,” the 
participle only is used by Herodotus, according to Table VII. 
The participle, not in indirect discourse; occurs in 67 passa 
after verbs of this class. , 

Conclusion.—As has already been suggested (p. 59), the facts - 
derivable from the summary tables are inferior in value to the 
information recorded in Chapter II regarding the use of each of 
the verbs. It will have been noticed that of the 121 verbs in- 
cluded in Chapter II, a large majority are followed by the same 
constructions in Herodotus as in Attic Greek. In the case of 22 
verbs, however, the usage of Herodotus appears to differ in some 
degree from the Attic usage as stated by Goodwin or by Kiihner. 
Such verbs are: ἀγγέλλω, ἀκούω, ἀνίημι, ἀπαγγέλλω, ἀποδείκνυμι, 
ἀπολείπω. ἀποφαίνω, ἄρχω, adikveopar, διεξέρχομαι, ἐπείγω, ἐπίστα- 
μαι, εὑρίσκω, καταβαίνω, καταρκξω, λανθάνω, παύω, πειράομαι, 
πυνθάνομαι, συγγιγνώσκω, φθονέω, φυλάττω. A detailed  state- 
ment of the use of each of these verbs by Herodotus has been given 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 67 


in Chapter II. The main points in which the usage of Herodotus 
is not in conformity with the principles of Attic Greek may here 
be briefly summarized. 

The distinction of meaning existing for Attic Greek, according 
to Kthner, between the use of the participle and that of the in- 
finitive after ayyé\\w does not hold for the one passage in which 
Herodotus uses the infinitive after this verb. As far as can be 
determined from the one passage, he apparently employs the two 
constructions without difference of meaning. 

After ἀκούω the accusative of the supplementary participle 
not in indirect discourse is used of a direct, certain perception in 
7 passages. According to both Goodwin and Kithner the geni- 
tive of the participle would have been used in Attic Greek. In 
2 other passages the participle is used where the infinitive would, 
according to K., have been regular. 

The verb ἀνίημι is followed in Hdt. by either the ptc. or the 
inf., but with distinctly different meanings. Neither G. nor K. 
mentions this fact for Attic Greek, or suggests any difference of 
meaning in the two constructions. 

 ᾿Απαγγέλλω is used once with a participle and once with an 
infinitive without apparent difference of meaning—contrary to 
the principle stated by K. - 

After ἀποδείκνυμι the participle is used in 4 passages in which 
the infinitive would be expected, and one infinitive is used where 
according to K. the regular construction would have been a 
participle. 

᾿Απολείπω is used by Hdt. with either a participle or an infini- 


τ tive. Neither G. nor K. mentions this fact for Attic Greek. 


᾿Αποφαίνω is used 3 times with a participle in a sense for which 
the infinitive would regularly be employed, according to K. 

Hdt. uses the participle irregularly for the infinitive after ἄρχω 
in one passage, and the infinitive 3 times instead of the participle, 
according to K. 

᾿Αφικνέομαι is twice followed by a supplementary participle. 
K. mentions this only as a poetical usage. 

Διεξέρχομαι is followed by a supplementary participle in 5 
passages. Neither G. nor K. has a class in which this verb ex- 
actly belongs. The construction may therefore not be found in 
Attic Greek. 


68 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


Hdt. uses the participle and the infinitive after ἐπείγω ap- ἐν 


parently without difference of meaning. K. makes a distinction | 


for Attic Greek usage. 


After ἐπίσταμαι the participle is used arcades 5 times, and 


the infinitive 11 times, according to K.’s statement of Attic usage. 


Seven of the participles after εὑρίσκω are used in passages in aes, 


which the infinitive would have been regular according to K. - 
The verb καταβαίνω is used 4 times with a participle. No men- 


tion of this construction as an Attic usage is made by G. or by Κα. 


Hdt. uses καταρκξω in a sense different from that mentioned — 


by G. and by K. for Attic Greek. 
There is apparently a difference of meaning between the regu- 


lar and the reversed construction of the verb λανθάνω in Hdt., 


altho none is mentioned by G. or K. 


In one, possibly two; passages, Hat. uses παύω with the ἘΠ τ τ τ, 
‘prevent,” the latter 
being the regular meaning with the infinitive, according to both es 


ce 


tive with the meaning “stop’’ rather than 


G. and K.—But see Chapter II, παύω. 
In 8 of the 32 passages in which the infinitive occurs after 


πειράω the distinction’ given by K. for Attic Greek does not ats 


apply. 

Πυνθάνομαι is twice used with the accusative of the participle 
of indirect discourse. This construction would be irregular in 
Attic, according to. G. In 9 passages the infinitive is used irregu- 


larly instead of the participle—according to K.’s statement of the ὸ 


distinction in Attic Greek. 


With ovyyuyvwckw the infinitive is used three times where thes | ΝΣ 


participle would be regular according to K. 


No mention is made by G. or by K. of the use of the shat i 


tive and the participle after φθονέω, but each construction is found 
in- Hdt. 


the signification of the governing verb, as made by G. or by K., 


there is no class in which the participle after φυλάττω exactly 
belongs. The participle after verbs of this meaning is appar-— 


ently a poetic rather than an Attic usage. 
It will be noticed that in the case of a considerable number of 
the verbs just mentioned the apparent difference between Herod- 


otus’ usage and that of Attic Greek is due rather to an inexact— yaa 


In the classification of supplementary aarticnies according (δ᾽ te 


SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 69 


or more properly, an oyer-exact—statement of Goodwin or 
Ktihner of the conditions under which the participle or the in- 
finitive is used by Attic writers, than to a real peculiarity of the 
style of Herodotus. It is possible that in several instances a 
distinction in the use of the two constructions suggested by G. 
or by K. is meant only as a general one—and that it is not in- 
tended that the distinction be understood to apply rigidly to the 
usage of Attic writers-in every instance in which a verb is used. . 
If this be true, it will be seen that Herodotus’ use of the various 
constructions differs very little from the usage of Attic Greek. 
In connection with the differences mentioned in the case of 
the 22 verbs just summarized it may be noted that Goodwin’s 
statement regarding Herodotus’ use of certain verbs, in ἃ M T. 
896, is somewhat misleading. He says: ‘“H. uses the parti- 
ciple with πειρῶμαι, to try, and with πολλός εἰμι Or γίνομαι, πολλὸς 
ἔγκειμαι, and παντοῖος γίνομαι, to be urgent; rarely with ἐπείγομαι, 
to press on.” In 897 he says: ‘The participle with πειρῶμαι, 
πολὺς ἔγκειμαι, and ἔγκειμαι alone, occurs occasionally in Attic 
Greek.’’—The tise of the words ‘‘rarely”’ in 896 and “‘occasion- 
ally” in 897 would seem.to indicate that the supplementary par- 
ticiple is the regular construction in Herodotus after the verbs 
and phrases mentioned in 896; and that this construction, except 
with ἐπείγομαι, is of frequent occurrence. As has been shown in 


τ Chapter II, (and in Table I of this chapter,) πειράομαι is followed 


only 15 times by the participle, but 32 times by the infinitive. 
The infinitive is therefore the more usual construction in Hdt. as 
in other Greek. Πολύς εἰμι occurs only twice with the parti- 
‘ciple; πολὺς γίγνομαι apparently does not occur at all in Hdt. 
with a supplementary participle; πολὺς ἔγκειμαι occurs once only 
with this construction; παντοῖος γίγνομαι occurs twice with the . 
supplementary participle and once with the infinitive; ἐπείγομαι, 
twice with the participle and once with the infinitive. 

Finally, it should be noted that the somewhat general impres- 
Sion that Herodotus uses the supplementary participle much more 
frequently than do the Attic writers, is not well-founded. An 
examination of his usage with the 22 verbs lately mentioned 
shows that he employs the infinitive instead of the participle 39 
times, and the participle for the infinitive only 22 times. His 
use of the participle with πειράομαι and a few other verbs not fre- 


70 SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN HERODOTUS 


quently followed by the participle in Attic Greek would bring the 
latter total up to about 40 or 45. But against his use of the 
participle with these verbs must be placed his somewhat excep- 
tional use of the infinitive after ἐπίσταμαι (cf. ἃ M T. 915.2.b). 
The conclusion must follow, therefore, that although Herodotus 
uses the supplementary participle somewhat more freely than 
Attic writers, not always preserving the distinction in the use of 
the participle and of the infinitive, his variation from Attic usage 
favors the infinitive nearly or quite as often as the supplemen- 
tary participle. 


cire. 

G. 
GMT. 
i. 4. 
ind. disc. 
inf(s). 
K. 
Kall. 
pte(s). 
5. p(s). 
sup. 


APPENDIX 
List or ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED 


circumstantial 

Goodwin. 

Goodwin’s Greek Moods and Tenses 
(only in tables) indirect discourse 
indirect discourse | 
infinitive(s) 

Kithner; also Ktihner’s Ausftihrliche Grammatik 
Kallenberg 

participle(s) 

supplementary participle(s) 
supplementary 


71 


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